Is the human race on a collision course for its own destruction?

Before I begin I feel that I need to express a point. The point I must make is that this is my opinion about this chosen topic and I hope it will be read with a open mind and not cast down before it has been finished. What I would like to discuss in written form is ‘Is the human race on a collision course for its own destruction' which needs no further addressment by myself but I feel the need to express a point or two. Human life has existed on this planet for a relatively short amount of time considering the age of the planet upon which we inhabit. We have evolved on Earth from a simple ‘goo' that has been dubbed ‘primordial soup' by those ever clever scientists. This fact maybe false by religious standards but it is the most likely solution to the problem of how we came to be. For Christian people we were came to be by an omnipotent being that took out the time to create two people, Adam and Eve, and I think that this is a good example of peoples delusions of supremacy. For thousands of years now man and woman have played an overwhelming part in the development of this planet usually with the misconception that Earth is theirs and theirs alone and everything else is just here for are needs. We have destroyed landscape to accommodate our needs of hoes, farmland and entertainment. This is normally done with little regard for the previous inhabitants be they man or beast, especially concerning the treatment of native Indians on what is now American soil. All this is done for ‘progress', the usual excuse so that the superior people can beat on the weak. The advancement in technology is aided by the legions of great scientific minds which always seem to be controlled by some military power somewhere in the shadows watching, with interest what it is that is created next. As soon as a more advanced technology is developed it is used to show strength over neighbouring countries be they friend or foe. One of the biggest problems is that all this technology can and probably be used to destroy each other as long as they are continually brought under the control of power mongers such as governments run by politicians. To think that our own destruction is a certainty is an incorrect opinion to have, there are many variables that could change any future timeline, so who knows what the future will hold for us. There is always the chance for reformation where humanity will realise that they are in control of their fate and don't have to conform to human natures tendency to try and destroy itself. For those whoa re fans of science fiction it may be apparent that Earth is either depicted as a world in trouble, with a large population and lots of pollution like in such movies as Blade Runner and others. The other side of this point is seen in such programs as Star Trek where humanity has been united with the thought that they are not alone in the universe. The program depicts a highly advanced culture that has broke free from the corruptive shekels of money and governmental rule. When people realise that there is only one race on Earth and that is the Human Race then they will be able to get along better. Money also presents a problem, that's not to say it should be abolished and communism should take president because it has been shown time and time again that it cannot work in today's world. I think the best thing to do is carry on with existence doing the best you can to make life just a bit easier for yourself and others around. If you can do that I am confident that everything will fall into place and sort itself out.

Police Officers Discretion Essay

Discretion is defined to be an individual’s capabilities and freedom to make responsible preferences and judgments. People working in all fields require making decisions in every day life; however, some need to be more proficient at it. Police officers usually fine themselves in chaotic and critical situations, where their decision can change the entire scenario. The most appropriate decision within the legal boundaries must be made, varying from situation to situation. Discretion is broadly characterized as five different subjects – discretion by judgment (sense of bending rules in legally appropriate ways to fit the situation), discretion as choice (to show courage and give personal contribution to form decisions as the authority in that situation), discretion by discernment (to be diplomatic, tolerant, considerate and cautious and not very generous while making decisions), discretion as liberty (to not be restricted by the law and stretch boundaries of freedom as long as it is acceptable) and lastly discretion as license (basically the permission to act there and then in whichever way thought to be appropriate without the permission of the superiors). There are some police officers who abuse their right of discretion; they believe that they are unaccountable and since they are the authority at the point of chaos, they can do as they will. Having the right of discretion does not mean that an officer can make whatever decisions that they will; they are restricted by professional, society, legal and ethical norms (Sullivan, 1972). The officers these days have just the right capacity of discretion. The only major areas that they use discretion in are domestic violence, drunk driving, mental illness, hate crime, use of force and even vice crime. These are the areas where the personal opinion and judgment of the police officers matters while arresting or giving punishments. In the rest of the important and critical areas such as rape, murder, dacoits and robberies; they have to abide by the law whether they personally approve of it or not. Only easy and fields of everyday crime are left up to the intellect of these officers. Since, there are only some areas where officers are given the right to exercise discretion, it is easy to conclude that the officers are neither given too much or too less of power. Giving them the right to decide is rational because they have been selected as officers and have been given good enough training, which gives them the sense of making correct decisions. These officers make up the entire police force, thus, their opinion should also matter – however, to only some extent. The problems that these police officers face while enforcing laws and giving verdicts is that there are hardly any fields involved in the police forces that are uncontroversial; usually, everybody has a different stance on things. Also, there is a problem is public confidence – the public is too unpredictable to please (Walker, 1993). They desire accountability but nothing seems to satisfy them; also, they wish for strict enforcement in only those areas that they are not related to, that is, they want leverage for themselves but not others. This controversial and unpredictable attitude makes it difficult for the police offers to come up with the right solution that will make everybody happy. I have witnessed one such event myself where differing opinions lead to confusion. A mentally disabled boy of around seventeen became a source of disturbance to other boys playing cricket. One of them was violent and hit the mentally disabled boy out of frustration, who hit the boy back causing him to bleed. Surprisingly, a police car was passing from there at that instant and stopped to check the situation. Everybody demanded that the mentally disabled boy should be punished for his act as he often becomes a cause of nuisance in the neighborhood. The police officer was by nature sympathetic and was of the opinion that the mentally ill boy should be let go of as he is underprivileged and does not possess the ability of making sensible decisions. Here, in this chaotic situation, even when the public was against the officer’s decision, he used his power of discretion and made an appropriate decision according to his judgment instantly. This shows that the right of discretion is extremely important for an officer to deal with everyday situations. Although, if you look closely, it was not a situation where major or critical decisions need to be made; thus, the police officer without any doubts and fear abided by his opinion – this shows limitation of power of discretion to only some areas.

Cash Flow Statement of JB HI-FI Limited

In this report an adamantine study has been prepared on the cash flow statement of JB HI-FI limited. It is Australian company engaged in providing goods and services specialized in video games and other home appliance. Richard Murry is the CEO of the company who makes all the strategic decision. It is evaluated that annual report of company has been showing computation of cash inflow and outflow from all its activities by using direct method. A complete analysis has been made on operating, investment and financial activities of JB Hi-FI limited to evaluate liquidity position of company in effective manner. Evaluation of cash flow statement of JB HI-FI Ltd Cash flow statement of JB HI-FI provides liquidity position of company and determines how much cash inflows and outflow of company for a particular time period (Roth, 2017). Analysis of cash flow from operating activities It is evaluated that JB HI-FI since last five years has reduced its cash inflow from its operating activities.   In 2012, JB HI- FI was having 215.01 cash inflow from its operating activities which decreased to 185.14. This has shown company has reduced its cash flow from is operating activities. However, more deep analysis could be made by computing operating cash flow ratio (Google Finance, 2017). It is evaluated that in 2012, JB HI- FI was having .48 operating cash flow which has been reduced to .41 in 2016. It reflects that company has been inefficient to draw good amount of cash inflow from its current liabilities engaged in its value chain activities (Brigham, and Ehrhardt, 2016). This ratio measures the capital available for internal reinvestment and for payment on its existing debts. However, by evaluating this ratio it could be inferred that JB HI-FI do not have adequate cash flow CAPEX requirement. Nonetheless, cash inflow from capital expenditure would be found lower in growing company. Therefore, JB HI- FI could justify its lowers amount of cash inflow to its stakeholders (Nizam & Hoshino, 2016). Computation of cash flow statement from indirect method (ASX, 2016) Adjustment to Cash flow Statement of JB HI FI for fives years Fiscal year is July- June and all values in AUD Million Depreciation, Depletion, and amortization Deferred Taxes & Investment Tax Credit It is observed that company has positive cash inflow from its operating activities. In addition to this, financial and investing activities have been providing negative cash outflow. JB HI- FI need to increase its liquidity position otherwise it will result into jeopardize situation for the business functioning of company. Moreover, since 2012 to 2016 company has reduced its cash inflow from its operating activities from 215.01 to 185.14.   Nonetheless, cash outflow from its operating activities has increased by 16% in 2016 as compare to its 2012 cash outflow from its investing activities. Now in the end it would be inferred that company need to main its cash flow more than 1 for the smooth running of business (Thomson Reuters, 2016). Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C. 2016. Account Finance. Cengage Learning, PP 1-549. Google Finance, (2017).  ALL ORDINARIES: INDEXASX:XAO historical prices - Google Finance. [online] Google.com. Available at: https://www.google.com/finance/historical?cid=10584617&startdate=Jun%201%2C%202015&enddate=Jun%2030%2C%202016&num=30&ei=sTWoV9jrGNaAsgGMsouQDg&start=0 [Accessed 22 March 2017]. Nizam, N. Z., & Hoshino, Y. 2016. Corporate Characteristics of Retail Industry among 11 Asian and American Countries.  Journal of Management Research,  8(1), 224-247. Roth, M., 2017.  Top Stocks 2017: A Sharebuyer's Guide to Leading Australian Companies. John Wiley & Sons. ASX, (2016). ASX, [Online], Accessed on: 23 march 2017, Available at:  https://search.asx.com.au/s/search.html?query=jb+hi+fi+ltd&collection=asx-meta&profile=web Thomson Reuters, (2016).  JB HI FI Limited,JBHIFI:ASX historical prices - FT.com. [online]  Markets.ft.com. Available

Mapping an argumetnt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mapping an argumetnt - Essay Example Besides, it compels the labor unions to serve the workers who do not pay for services. Moreover, the article clearly states that the right-to-work laws can be quite detrimental to the middle class and the small scale businesspeople who can greatly suffer when their businesses lose demand because of reduced purchasing power due to salary reduction. Based on the above facts, I would like to point out that this law is not beneficial. As these scholars argue, it might not advocate for the interests of the workers, but instead be manipulated as a political tool which is merely used to support voting. Because of this, it will advance the interests of the middle ruling class who will make decisions not favoring the lower class (Kathleen, 2011). By doing this, the law will be violating individual democratic rights and contributing to making life more challenging. Hence, in conclusion, the government, through the National Right to Work Committee and the National Chamber of Commerce should ensure that deliberate measures are taken to prevent the right-to-work laws from working against the critical demands of the individual workers, democracy, economy and society. According to Anne McElroy, autism is a very serious public health crisis. Since its outbreak in the 1980s, its effects have been greatly felt by many people. However, this skyrocketed in after the year 2001 when the number of children with this condition tremendously increased. In her opinion, autism has been attributed to the increased quantities of mercury-containing vaccines which were surprisingly recommended by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). However, it is very unfortunate that the CDC has denied taking responsibility. Instead, it has decided to live in denial and only cheats on people to believe their lies about this crisis. However, McElroy concludes by acknowledging that, as a victim of this crisis, autism really exists and even if CDC denies

Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Research Proposal - Essay Example ation to the final stages of higher education, is an overwhelming concern, the articulation of a philosophy of education which addresses the defined imperatives is a valuable undertaking. It shall function as the primary concern and objective of the proposed dissertation. The vale of the proposed topic derives from the very nature of global demands upon the educational system. Given the ever-increasing crime rate and the growing proliferation of professional practitioners’ violations of their espoused code of ethics, it is imperative to address the problem at its roots (Sarfatti-Larson, 1976; Hunter, 2003; Masschelein, 2003; Carr and Stuetel, 1999; Winch, 2004). These roots, as Carr and Stuetel (1999) contend, exist at the primary education level. Hence, resolving the problem of amorality inextricably linked to the implementation of a moral philosophy of education (Sarfatti-Larson, 1976; Hunter, 2003; Masschelein, 2003; Carr and Stuetel, 1999; Winch, 2004). As such, it is possible to express the importance of the topic as deriving from the problems of escalating crime rates and increased amorality across professions, practices and activities and the role that the educational system should play in its resolution, not to mention the responsibili ty that it has to do so. The theoretical dimensions of the problem shall be discussed against the background of variant philosophies of education in an effort to assess which may be best suited for the design of a school curriculum which would contribute to the resolution of the mentioned problem. While the proposed study shall draw on various examples of countries/educational districts which have implemented a moral philosophy of education, the research shall limit itself to the study of the situation within the United Kingdom and shall concentrate on the primary level of education. 2. To clarify the extent to which the educational system, historically and theoretically, has a responsibility towards the

Eco-Design's Cultural Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Eco-Design's Cultural Context - Essay Example All these factors have merged together to enforce a more compliant design of built environments and human processes. This paper will present the cultural context of â€Å"eco design† or ecological design as presented by Ken Yeang and other proponents of green or eco design. Discussion Ecological design emerged from the threat of industrialism as towns turn to cities and populations exploded. Social problems escalated as natural resources become depleted or damaged beyond repair. This called for emergency actions that pushed considerations for life outside of the earth. An early advocate for ecological design was African ecologist John Phillips who coined â€Å"the biotic community† as a holistic approach to ecology (1968, 17). It further provided links between individual actions and the dynamics of an entire biotic community. Philips introduced the holistic approach to architects and planners and the need to include ecology and all forms of life in their designs. It was said that Ian McHarg who wrote Design with Nature (1969) was influenced by Phillips and the lectures of Walter Gropius in Harvard who warned his students of the human greed that has interfered with the biological cycle of human community and the organic social structure (29). Gropius told his students to â€Å"love and respect the land almost religiously,† (Gropius, 1945, p20). He stressed that humans must act appropriately for survival and as true agent in evolution. Phillips enumerated the causes of the ecological crisis as the reckless laissez-faire economy, individualism, Western capitalist greed, chaotic urbanization, fragmentation of social structures, and lack of planning. His proposal was the oriental approach: non-anthropocentric, implicit but orderly planning, and respect for the biotic community. From here, McHarg promoted science-based modernist architecture and planning that integrated respect for nature such as that of the Tennessee Valley Authority in a time w hen space exploration was the trend globally, linking the moon traveller’s perspective of the Earth as a whole and not the westernized compartmentalism. McHarg’s proposal was for a landscape design of an organic community of plants, insects, fish, animals and birds that would allow human consumption based on the self-sustained capacity of the capsule equivalent to the self-sustained cabin. It mandates an inventory of the environment with energy as the currency thereby determining limitations, allowable and prohibited changes, and determination of stability and instability (McHarg, 1968, 93). He advocated a need for designers and architects to fit in well with the ecological system through their landscapes and buildings with design adjusted on the basic human needs. Enlightened but guided by space explorations, the 1970s had ecological designers adopted space technologies, analytical tools, and ways of living for a respite from the doomed industrial society: space cabin -like structures that could allow men to survive once Earth has become a dead planet like Mars. It was an ecological future outside of Earth exemplified by closed, artificial, liveable environments in space (Anker, 2005, 529). By 1969, the New Alchemy inspired by McHarg was launched with the slogan, â€Å"To Restore the Lands, Protect the Seas, and Inform the Earth’

Expanding a Multinational Company Research Paper - 2

Expanding a Multinational Company - Research Paper Example The company was founded in the year 1982. The company started its growth as well as operations in the other countries very impressively and presently it operates in Australia & South Africa as well. The present revenue of the company is $ 4.22 billion and the present operating income of the company is $0.92 billion. The company is making an attempt for its expansion in some more countries. The three emerging market countries based on their potential chosen for the expansion and the growth of the company are China, Singapore and Qatar. China itself being a port area ranks second as a trading nation all over the world; it is chosen because it has a huge scope for the growth of the chosen company (Pollmann, 2012). Singapore is chosen because of its investment potential. Singapore being a port area ranks first in its investment strength (Singapore Economic Development Board, 2012). Qatar is the third country which is one of the richest countries among all the Muslim countries in the world. Now based on certain factors a comparative analysis of these three countries is shown in the next portion of the project. The political structure of the country puts the president at the top followed by the Cabinet. The political environment of the country is very strong and it follows the system of monopoly on its import as well as export activities in various sectors. The political structure of the country is having at its top the president who is the head of the state, and then the prime minister who is the head of the government and in the executive position lays the cabinet that are also under the full control of the president. It is a democratic country The political structure of Qatar is having Emir of Qatar as the head of the state as well as the government. There are also other ministries under his control and a consultative assembly being appointed only for consultative activities consisting of 35 members. There are

Kant Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Kant Philosophy - Essay Example Obligations and inclinations arise from duty. Consoling a grieving friend arises from duty, which is part of moral judgments. It is the right thing to do in such a situation. Normative judgment specifies that consoling a person, as a specific course of action, is the rational course if they are grieving. Emotions motivate moral obligation because one empathizes through showing compassion. The moral law demands that one consoles a friend, but if goodwill does not motivate such an action, then the inclination may have selfish interests. Principle and reason shape human behavior, rather than the expected consequence or emotional feeling that triggers actions. For that reason, a person would see it right to console somebody because of principle, even if they feel no compassion or empathy for the victim. This means that conscious concerns regulate emotions and they serve an important role in the persons' moral life. Human dignity demands that one act in the similar way that they would like others to treat them. Even so, while the society cannot hold a person accountable for moral obligations or inclinations, they are accountable for their goodwill, because it is often under a person’s  control.

Critical Analysis of the Trends in Vehicle Miles Traveled Term Paper

Critical Analysis of the Trends in Vehicle Miles Traveled - Term Paper Example The discussion provided for the impact of the outlined factors is one-sided. Most of factors such as decentralization of companies can have either effect. Travel requirements decreases as a person ages due to the decrease in the activity level and decrease in work related travels. Contrary to the earlier arguments, the aging factor does not increase or reduce the VMT. This is because the decreased levels caused by the aging population are countered by the increasing travel levels caused by the maturing young adults. However, the improved health, wealth and higher licensing rates for the elder women have curtailed the reduction in the rates of mobility for the older generation. The argument on the aging factor overlooked the impact of the economic growth on the VMT. This reduces the rate of VMT. Changes in the nature of work will reduce VMT because most of the employment agencies and individuals are applying the use of computer technology to enhance production. Most of the workers can work from home and avoid travelling to their work places. Most institutions of higher learning are also leaning towards introducing online lessons. This will reduce the travel requirements for most students. Decentralization of companies to rural areas can also contribute into the reduction in the VMT because companies may be located near the workforce thus, negating the travel necessity. Finished goods will be brought near retailers and consumers negating the necessity of travelling over long distance to acquire them.

Bridging the Gap Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bridging the Gap - Assignment Example On nursing education, the study is vital in reviewing the techniques and physiology of wound healing. Nursing students, while still undergoing training need equipment with full information that relate to the larval therapy as a strategy in debridement of wounds (McFarland & Smith, 2014). Because of the efficiency of larval therapy in aiding treatment of chronic wounds, practicing nurses need an update on the vital features of the technique. Patients who have chronic ulcer wounds may require an enrolment on larval therapy as an intervention plan of management. As a nurse in a general surgical unit, there are diverse methodologies through which I can share the information about larval therapy. Assuming the role of a mentor to my peers in matters that revolve around larval therapy in the management of wounds is an important method (Nickitas, 2014). It will present the opportunity to showcase the procedure and the benefits associated with larval therapy. Another strategy for ensuring that the peers have the full information about larval therapy is by publishing a pamphlet that will act as guidance to the intervention

Values of Life Essay Example for Free

Values of Life Essay There are many values in life. To me a value is something that you enjoy, and appreciate around you. You also have a passion for the person, place or thing that you value. You have to be willing to fight for your values. There are many values in life but the two that are most important to me is wrestling and my Family. Wrestling has played a big tremendous role throughout my lifespan Family is the most important value because they will always be there for you no matter what. Wrestling is a significant value to me because it has played a crucial part in my life. It made me who I am today. Wrestling is different than most sports. It’s not just any sport you play its more like a lifestyle. You have to make sacrifices if you want to be successful at the sport. You have to give up allot of your everyday life routines. That consists of no parties, no junk food, no staying up late etc. When you give up things like this that is a value in itself. This value takes me places I never thought I could be going; from traveling all around the world to being here now at NDC. Some people would not consider a sport as an important value. Not for me I say if you are willing/have shed blood sweat and tears for that person place or thing, then that’s a value there. Family is the most appreciated value that I have. I love my family with all of my heart. I value them and they value me. There are so many values that come with family that you will always be able to share. You’re always with someone apart of your family from mom and dad to cousins. You will experience good and bad times with each and every one of them. They will teach you who you are not by choice, but because they are a part of you. They have characteristics the same as you. They are your blood. They help you with daily life problems, they taught you right from wrong, they have molded you the guide you, if all this is not a value I don’t know what it is. Your values will make you who you are. They make up the character in you. Without values I’m not sure where I would be right now, I would not be the same person that I am today. These two values Wrestling and Family have taught me hard work, determination, and business. For all of those I am very grateful, a glad that I had these though out my life My personal opinion if you don’t have values in life you really have nothing to live for, nothing to protect, nothing to drive you when times get hard, nothing to look forward to, not anything. People will judge you based off your important values. Wrestling is an important value to me because I’ve shed blood, sweat, and tears for the sport. My family is my number one value in my life because they’ve made be who I am today.

TH Empire Ltd Essay Example for Free

TH Empire Ltd Essay To whom it may concern: It is with great pleasure to provide you with a summary about our business and our operations. TH Empire Ltd. is a British trading company that was established in 1995 and was incorporated in 2008 under the rules and laws of the United Kingdom. TH Empire Ltd. is based in the United Kingdom and is operating across the Middle East and other wider regions. The company has been successful in the market with a 10 year experience and is expanding its business in the region The core business of our company is the provision of market research consultancy and presentation, including provision of marketing services with great emphasis on construction, oil field industry and marine works. It has operations in all the Gulf Regions and Middle East markets, with recent expansion in Europe and UK. TH Empire Ltd has an established connection with companies, related to construction of bridges, towers, roads and hotels. It is also involved in oil services such as drilling, maintenance and air pollution control, with great experience in digital mapping, geophysical surveying, and oil exploration with agencies throughout the Middle East. We are also developing relationships with various chambers of commerce and professional unions to liaise us with our corporate clients. We are actively taking part in all major construction, oil field service and marine works events worldwide, sharing our ideas and innovations, refining our expertise to provide leading edge solutions to our clients. Â  We organize our tools and expertise to elaborate customized solutions to meet the needs and targets of our clients. We provide Representation services, Communication strategies and media relations, Promotional materials production, Event and exhibition management, Sales and branches offices opening, Agent network development, Liaison with Middle Eastern and international institutions. If your company is interested to start business with us; kindly send us your company’s activities and catalogues including the services you provide for the negotiation process to begin. Note: We are looking for huge companies (undertaking huge projects) with efficient business procedures and are interested in the aforementioned services Business will be in Libya and Saudi Arabia Waiting for your reply Thank you

Relevant Concept Of Celebrity Endorsements Marketing Essay

Relevant Concept Of Celebrity Endorsements Marketing Essay Introduction In the introduction this research paper will be providing an insight about the research area. It would begin by briefly discussing the background and relevant concept of celebrity endorsements and how it affects the consumer pre-purchasing behavior. 1.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Background Advertisement came into existence in early 18th Century. Since then the concept started playing an active role in the development of the society in the early 1930s.Most of the celebrity back then used their status in society to promote product, service or charity. These celebrities performed stage shows; modeling, sports activities and most of them were from movie industry (Kambitsis, Harahousouy, Theodorakis and Chatzibeis, 2002). In the early 19th century, worlds first celebrity endorser Lillie Langtry (British actress) appeared in the advertisement for pear soap. It marked the beginning of the brand representation by endorsers. These endorsers according to the Tellis (1998) can be divided into three major groups experts, lay endorsers and celebrities. Here experts are those people who know about the product and they have limited knowledge about the product which they have assembled during study, training or experiences. Such an instance can be shown in advertisement where dentist for toothpaste advert or nutritionists for healthy food items as both of them are able to provide an expert opinion about the product. Secondly lay endorsers are people who may be real or fictional, which resembles to the target groups and can be quite effective to provide message. Thirdly comes celebrity endorser who can be defined as the people who enjoys public recognition and who uses this on the behalf of a consumer good by appealing with it in an advertisement (McCracken, 1989, p.310). Celebrity endorsements are used for advertisement just because they can create an appeal and can increase its attractiveness for the viewers and consumers. For example Michael Jordan acted in advertisement for Nike; David Beckham for Gillette and newly made football cup advert of coca cola where Roger Millas celebrates wonderful world of football goals. According to Ohanian (1999) both theory and practice proves that the use of super stars in advertisements generates a lot of publicity as well as draws the attention of public. Most of the companies try to utilise the already made image of the celebrities to attract more customer base and increase their loyalty. As in this highly competitive business environment brand loyalty has become the utmost important for success. Companies use celebrities endorsement in the advertisements so that they are able to associate with celebrity and are able to cash there image for a long period of time. It is said that, If the consumers are able to see the link between the celebrity and the product then the endorsements can be highly effective (Hsu and McDonald, 2002). It is believed that attractive endorsers can be highly affective while promoting products and can be used to enhance consumers attractiveness. Attractive people have greater influences on the consumers compared to unattractive people (Till and Busler, 1998). Till (1998) states companies used celebrity endorsers either sporadically or opportunistically at the whim of the client or the agency. Paying back for the investments in the celebrity endorsement usually comes from using the celebrity regularly over time. The reputation strengthens the associative link for those consumers who were already aware of the celebrity endorsement. It also increases the pole of consumers who begins to make themselves aware of the link between the brand and the celebrity. Some marketers change celebrity endorsers very frequently which weakens the benefit expected to be derived from the endorser. Such as Nikes consistent use of Michael Jordon has encouraged customers to think about Nike when thinking about Jordon and vice versa these have shown that Nike and Jordon have become a part of each others association similarly association of the Nike and Tiger woods have made same impact as whenever customers think of golf products they think of the Tiger woods and its endorsed Nike product. McCracken (1989) proposed the hypothesis that endorsers are more effective when there is a fit between the endorser and the endorsed product. Byrne et al (2003, p.289) states celebrity can help the brand to rebuilt and even create a new identity with new dimensions. Celebrity endorsement boosts brands attractiveness among the consumers and saves valuable time in terms of creating the credibility. When consumers see a credible celebrity endorsing a product they think the company has to be good and reputed. The major job for the company is to choose the right kind of the celebrity for the endorsement and its the job of the advertisers within the company to match the companys image or product with the personality of the celebrity and characteristics of the target market to establish effective message and mass expectance. According to the Shimp (2003) two general attributes which are important when determining the effectiveness of the endorsers as well as the communications effectiveness are credibility and attractiveness. The first attribute concerns endorsers quality of being believable or trustworthy and the achievements and skills of the celebrity which could correlate with the brand image. The latter attribute refers to the celebrities ability to appeal, attract and engage large consumer base on the basis of their attractiveness. A good example of these would be golf star Tiger Woods whose scandalous image resulted in his ruining his credibility among the consumers which lead to his sponsors (ATT, Gillette, Tag Heuer and Accenture) dropping his advertisements and Anna Kournikova who although has never won any pro-level tournament but was still used by Swiss watch maker Omega to endorse their products because of her international reputation and appealing looks. Purpose and research questions Many of the previous studies on the celebrity endorsement have been focused on how celebrity endorsements influence consumer behavior. But there has been less consideration on the empirical   research on celebrity endorsement specifically on sport celebrity endorsements and in what manner do they use celebrity and how do they addresses the future returns on the investments in celebrities. The lack of proper research in this area inspires the present dissertation. So the main aim of this research would be to gain deeper understanding of the celebrity endorsement and how it influences the consumers behavior specifically in sports industry. To be able to achieve that following question were formulated: 1. Why does sports industry uses celebrity endorsements for promotional strategy? 2. How does celebrity endorsement affect the consumer behavior in sports industry? 3. How does company select the celebrity? 4. How effective are celebrity endorsement for sports industry? Demarcations This topic falls into the very broad area. Limits of both time and resources have led this research to focus on the very specific questions. Therefore the research paper will concentrate specifically on sports industry and will analyses the prominent companies in the field.   Furthermore there are several viewpoints which could be adapted in the research of the celebrity endorsement. There is consumers view point as they are affected by celebrity endorsement and then there is a companys point of view as they use celebrity endorsement as there promotional strategy. The research is done by keeping in mind that both points of views are highly important in understanding the consumer behavior as well as companys approach in promoting celebrity endorsement. Literature review This section of the research paper would be discussing what has already been done by other authors on the topic and their conclusion about the effect on consumer pre-purchasing decisions. Celebrity image is one of the major concerns for the endorser. Whichever company is endorsing celebrity the major issue they have to see is the compatibility between the celebrities and their brand. Advertising companies look for celebrities who compete and maintain an image (Kambitsis et al, 2002). Mostly companies are looking for the some basic properties such as likeability, expertise, trustworthiness and similarity thats what makes celebrity endorser to become a source of persuasive information and this creates a sense of certainty .Physical attractiveness of the endorser is also considerable and can be highly effective in producing an effective message. Acceptance of a message by a receiver could be influenced by celebrity endorsers as believable sources of information about a product or a firm (Amos et al, 2008). The use of celebrity endorsers to support products is explained by balance theory principles too. According to theory, successful companies establish an emotional rela tion between the observer and the endorser and a relation between endorser and brand too (Mowen, 2000). One of the important issue which arises here is whether there is a link between the consumers purchasing intention and celebrity endorsement. Many researchers have concluded that they have observed that many customers will pay a premium price for the product which have been endorsed by celebrities then product which have not been endorsed by celebrity. But the consumer should be able to see associations between the product and endorser as well as his/her intentions and purpose with the endorsers. The question that arises here is how does consumer associates itself with the celebrity endorser, to make a connection and association. It can be simply identified as most of the   companies choose an endorser who uses the product and where the use of the product is reflected due to endorsers professional expertise (Daneshvary and schwer, 2002). An athlete endorser such as David Beckham endorses football shoe then association can be seen but if he endorses golf products or racing car then customer will not be able to identify association. Therefore companies have to be very careful while associating with brand and product with the endorser so that they are able to utilize endorsers capabilities according to their need. Celebrity endorsement based on attractiveness is common among everyday consumers which, most of the time, effect consumers positively. Michael Jordon is an example of an attractive endorser but his effectiveness is likely greater when endorsing to this athletic ability is more rather than the products which are not relate to athletic performances. Consumers often have the positive effect towards the product and the celebrity despite the fact it is well known that the endorser earned a lot when promoting a product. (Cronley et al., 1999) Its more effective to use celebrity endorsement constantly to increase the strength of the link between the celebrity and the endorsed brand. Its also more effective to use celebrity who is not associated with another product (Till, 1998). When a Celebrity endorses only one or two products it is significantly more trustworthy than a celebrity who endorses even more products (Tripp at al., 1994). Celebrity endorsement can have both positive and negative effect on companys image e.g., many celebrities who switch their endorsement to the rival brands increase the risk of negative impact and confusion among the consumers. Pros and cons of celebrity endorsement Erdrogen (1999) states that academic findings and company reports safely argues that celebrity endorsers are more effective than non celebrity endorsers   when it comes to generate all desirable outcomes (attitudes towards advertisings and endorsed brands, intension to purchase and actual sales). Companies mostly utilize celebrities whose public image and personality match with product and the target audience and who have not endorsed previously. It has been clearly understood by the advertisers that celebrity endorsement has the significant potential to increase the recognition of the product and the brand. The increasing competition and new product increase in the market have made companies and marketers to use attention creating media stars to assist product marketing (Erdogan, 1999). With recent technology such as remote controlled televisions, video controlled systems, internet and satellite television, the power over programmed advertisements have increased and has made advertising more challenging. These threats with increased products, competition and technology development can be eased by the use of the celebrity endorsements as celebrity presence in the advertisement tend to   make impact on consumers reaction toward the advertisement and can help making advertising stand out from the clutter(Erdogan, 1999). Advertisers use celebrity to develop the communication between the consumers and the brand by cutting down excessive noise in the communication process. Some of the most complicated problem with the global marketing is to enter foreign countries due to cultural roadblocks such as time space, language relationships, a powerful risk, masculinity, femininity. And to overcome this problem companies hire local celebrities as they are powerful means to enter the foreign market. It makes it easier for companies to make the local people understand and associate the product with them. But it can also bring too many risks as well mostly because celebrities loss of credibility due to the frequently changes in endorsements or if celebrity drops in popularity. Therefore celebrity endorsement is a creative as well as risky tool for the companies. The whole process of celebrity endorsements needs a proper strategic plan before risking their investment.   Celebrity Endorsers Effect on consumers attitude Marketers and advertisers are particularly interested in consumers attitudes towards advertisements and brands. They always need to be aware of how sensitive consumers are about the adverts and brands. And they should know how do consumers start liking the product and consider it. It very much depends upon the consumers attitude towards certain product or brand or celebrity endorser. An attitude shows whether we like something or not. Attitudes have three basic components: affective, cognitive and behavioral. Affective component is related to our liking or feelings about an object. Cognitive is referred to beliefs about an object and behavioral component regards actions we take about that object (Severin and Tankard, 2001). Attitude towards advertisement is defined as a learned tendency to respond in a consistently desirable or undesirable approach toward advertisement in general (Haghirian, 2004). Determinants of advertisement consist of attitude towards the advertiser, assessment o f the advertising execution itself, the mood evoked by advertising and the extent to which the advertising affect viewers encouragement. A successful advertisement in one country or region is not necessary it will be successful in other parts of the world as what makes advertisement impressive will change noticeably in cross-culturally. Many researchers have concluded that the use of the celebrity endorsement in advertising creates constructive impact on attitudes of the consumer towards products and brands with which they are associated. Agarwal and Malhotra (2005) have defined brand attitude as consumers general evaluative judgment of a brand based on brand beliefs. Such beliefs concern product-related attributes, like practical and experimental benefits. A successful endorser is able to enhance intentions and preferences towards brands directly or indirectly. An endorser who has major source factors of credibility (like expertise, trustworthiness and effectiveness) is able to imp ress purchase intentions of the consumer considerably (Liu et al, 2007). Information from a credible source can impress ideas, attitudes and behaviour through a process called internalization(Belch and Belch, 1993).   Internalization occurs when the receiver is motivated to have an issue. The receiver learns and accepts the idea of the credible spokesperson, since he supposes that information of this person represents an accurate position on the issue. Therefore, if such spokesperson who is known to be an expert endorses a product, consumers will more probably have a desirable idea about that advertisement and brand and they will consider it in their shopping list the next time they go shopping. Researchers have used the identification process of social influence in order to explain the effectiveness of celebrity endorsers (Basil, 1996). This theory suggests that if an individual identifies with another individual, then he is more likely to accept an attitude or behavior of that individual or a group. The internalization process of social influence occurs when an individual accepts influence because the induced behavior is congruent with his value system. An individual accepts the influence, since it provides a solution to a problem (Daneshvary and Schwer, 2000) A successful endorser strategy can enhance the level of consumers recalling towards product information, reinforces consumers recognition to endorsed brands, positively influences consumers attitude to low-involved products and even enhance consumers purchase intention and preference towards brands (Liu et al, 2007) Celebrity endorsement and its involvement sports industry Sports industry is becoming the vital revenue generator in world economy and it is mainly due to increase in the broadcast coverage of important sporting events like Olympics, World Cup football, UEFA Cup, Wimbledon, US Open, Australian Open, French Open, Formula 1 racing, World Athletic meet, NBA and Basketball championship .Due to increase coverage sports persons have started becoming celebrities as more and more people know them and consider them as their idols. Sports celebrities have become major spectacles of todays media culture. Sports celebrities have been looked upon as role models from the todays young generation.   Most of the sports companies (Adidas, Nike, Wilson, Puma, Slazenger, Stiga, Dunlop and Yonex ) which have international recognition wants to have an international sport celebrity which is recognised by the most of their consumers and has enough credibility and attractiveness to appeal to large customer base. Due to which, Celebrity endorsements in the sport i ndustry continues to grow both in number and value. Certain athletes are utilized by brands as endorsers of their products because of the celebrity status gained by these athletes as a result of their success in their chosen sports. Most models of celebrity endorser effectiveness proposed by previous researchers have been based upon two basic models: the Source Credibility Model (Hovland, Janis, Kelley, 1953; Hovland Weiss, 1951) and the Source Attractiveness Model (McGuire, 1968). The Source Credibility Model significances that the effectiveness of the message is largely determined by the expertise and trustworthiness of the celebrity endorser, which offers explanations for why certain athlete endorsers such as highly successful mens tennis professionals Andre Agassi, Rafael Nadal, and Roger Federer could easily represent any brand of tennis equipment. In a different vein, the Source Attractiveness Model significances that similarity, familiarity, and liking of celebrity endorsers primarily determine their effectiveness, which attempts to explain why some athletes such as Manning, Woods, and racecar driver Dale Earnhardt Jr. can endorse brands in many different product categories. A general measure of physica l attractiveness has often been used to assess celebrity endorser effectiveness, assuming what is beautiful is good (Dion, Berscheid, Walster, 1972). However, mixed findings suggest that caution should be exercised in basing endorsement decisions on this model alone, since consumers perceive physical attractiveness differently. The Product Matchup Hypothesis (Forkan, 1980; Kahle Homer, 1985; Kamins, 1989; Kamins, 1990) emphasizes the need for a matchup, also referred to as congruency or fit, between the celebrity and the product. For example, the fit between Woods and Nike Golf is undeniable. However, according to sport marketing consultant Marc Cagins, Woods has failed as an endorser for Buick because of a lack of fit: People always shook their head as to why he did the deal anyway with Buick. If hes going to do a deal with GM, you would have thought Cadillac more than Buick (Thomaselli, 2008, p. 28).Research based on attractiveness matchup and expertise matchup has supported the hypothesis that celebrity/product fit remains critical to endorsement success. Kamins (1990) tested the matchup hypothesis based on attractiveness and found that the physical attractiveness of a source only mattered when an attractive source was paired with an attractiveness-related product, resulting in increased perceived source credibility and attitude toward the advertisement. Current examples would include the female tennis professionals and sisters Serena and Venus Williams Avon cosmetics campaign and the European mens soccer star Thierry Henry/Woods/Federer Gillette campaign. In a study examining the impact of gender and physical attractiveness on responses to motorsports sponsorships (Roy, Stewart, Goss, 2003), attractiveness played a greater role for female drivers than for male drivers, with the more attractive female drivers perceived as possessing greater expertise with products such as shampoo, tanning products, and dietary products. However, Bower and Landreth (2001) found that highly attractive models were not more effective than normally attractive models for problem-solving, attractiveness-related products and attributed these results to the premise that consumers perceive highly attractive models to have never faced an attractiveness-related problem and therefore have little expertise using these products. To illustrate, this premise would suggest that the current campaign utilizing female tennis star Serena Williams for ProActiv acne medication would be unsuccessful. However, a moderately attractive model may be more likely to be perceived to have faced an attractiveness-related problem and overcome it using the advertised product, fully illustrating the premise that the expertise of the source is more important than the attractiveness of the source.   Chapter 3 Methodology Research can be defined as the search for information or as any organized investigation to establish facts. There are two main types of research methods: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative study uses numerical data to test hypothesis under investigation, which is flexible and objective. Qualitative study uses softer approach to look at perceptions and insights of people based on few samples but in great depth (Silverman, 2006) In quantitative research usually numerical data is collected through surveys.  So that they are able to observe surveys and develop it into the meaningful results. In quantitative research it is important to collect large sample to develop fairly accurate results, small the sample less chances to develop proper results. Qualitative Research Qualitative research helps in developing more meaningful complex researches. It has been characterized into four main approaches: they are observation, record, interpretation and conclusion. In qualitative research data is collected by focus groups or by interviews and then the data is observed thoroughly. Once observed data is collected or recorded in meaningful way so that it is able to be interpreted into understandable form. Then finally conclusion is constructed in a suitable way. Observational study has been criticized to be unreliable and subjective depending on observers understanding of the data. This form of research would be more appropriate at preliminary phase of research (Silverman, 2006). Researcher also uses other approaches to investigates, it is mostly done by reading of various materials on the subject to develop and recognize relevant information. This method of research is less common among qualitative research. Most common method among qualitative research is interviews and focus groups (Silverman, 2006). In interviews, participants respond to questions asked by researcher to investigate their understanding of the subject and allows respondent to elaborate further with his or her ideas and feelings. Focus group method is a more costly approach to carry out than methods mentioned, but often criticized for limited sample size which may not be representative of the population under investigation (Silverman, 2006) Research Method The purpose of this research seeks to investigate the insight and opinions of the consumers over the celebrity endorse and does it really affect the consumer behaviour during the purchasing. To support my research and to understand the consumer behaviour in depth survey will be conducted where common people/consumer from all walks of life and will be collected and interpreted into meaningful results and conclusion.   To understand the subject in the perception of the company interviews will be conducted with the people, who have understanding of the market and know how companies generate profits from the celebrity endorsement and what they make of celebrity endorsements effect on consumers attitude.   Primary Data Collection Primary data is information gather first-hand to contribute to what could be explored further into the research and also to justify. It involves collecting data using basic methods such as interviews, questionnaires, observations and abstractions. But the key point here is that the data collected should be unique and should not resemble with already done researches. The primary data, which is generated by the above methods, may be qualitative in nature (usually in the form of words) or quantitative (usually in the form of numbers or counts of items assessed). In this research both questionnaires and interviews are utilise so that   consumer behaviour could be understood fully from   both prospective consumer as well from companies.in this research questionnaire will have both open and closed ended questions so that prà ©cised options and answers could be obtained and it will be more accurate in interpreting the data. For the interviews, semi-structured pattern with open-ended qu estions will be develop in order to understand   interviewees opinion and belief about a particular matter or situation and not restrict respondents answer to confined questions. Semi-structured questions are used in this research to encourage respondent to elaborate on points they feel appropriate and provide a blueprint for them to understand the progression of the interview (Ruane, 2005). Although qualitative and quantitative data collection can be time consuming, but it is reasoned that this form of research provides more accurate results. Participants for survey are the common people whom answered to a posting on Facebook, tweeter and collage email. Participants for the interview are the managers of the different companies which have international experiences and have some sort of knowledge and understanding of the celebrity endorsements. Researcher carefully examined each participants position and company background to ensure they correspond to requirements of this research. The final participants were chosen upon their qualification and availability. Interviews were conducted personally in their respected office due to their availability in the London U.K .The time assumed for interviews were 20 to 30 minute but Interviews were longer than predicted, as participants were remarkably eager to elaborate their answers with personal experiences; each interview lasted about 30minutes to 60 minutes. 3.5 Limitations An extra care is need in preparing the questions for the interview and questionnaire as if researcher conducts the structure too loosely then it may lead to undesirable information making the result and concision less effective. Therefore structure of interview and questionnaire should be in a way that appropriate information is collected. Even semi-structured interview and questionnaire are criticized for possibility of missing information if researcher follows the structure too closely. Availability of the time restricted the research by creating the boundaries such as limited respondents for surveys as well as restricted participation of interviewers. The research was concluded in a limited time frame.

Maya Angelou as a Caged Bird Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Maya Angelou as a Caged Bird    The graduation scene from I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings illustrates how, living in the midst of racism and unequal access to opportunity, Maya Angelou was able to surmount the obstacles that stood in her way of intellectual develop and find "higher ground."   One of the largest factors responsible for Angelou's academic success was her dedication to and capacity for hard work, "My work alone has awarded me a top place...No absences, no tardinesses, and my academic work was among the best of the year" (Angelou   13-14).   Angelou worked hard and read a great deal in order to be able to perform on such a level, in spite of the fact that she had much less access (or none) to the quality of teachers, school environment and other resources available to whites because of her color.   Another way Angelou surmounted the disadvantages of being black in a racist white controlled school district was to view her brother as a role model.   She is proud that she can recite the preamble to the Constitution faster than Bailey, she is proud he will see her graduate at the top of her class, and he provides her with literature which fuels her desire to read.   Maya also used other students in her class who were intelligent as role models and a measure stick of her own performance.   She admires the class valedictorian, Henry Reed, because he has been her most challenging academic competition among her peers.   However, another reason Angelou is able to overcome obstacles and reach higher ground is that she is not jealous or mean-spirited about academically competing with others.   Instead, she is happy that others are developing towards higher ground.   As she says about Henry, "I had admired him for years because e... ...race" (Angelou   21).   Angelou knows she would let down all those who have struggled and given her encouragement if she did not rise above the limitations of her own time and place. WORK   CITED Angelou, M.   I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings.   In Eastman, A. M.   The Norton Anthology of Expository Prose.   (3rd edit.)   W.W. Norton & Co., NY:   1973. The student may wish to begin the paper with the following quote: I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings liberates the reader into life simply because Maya Angelou confronts her own life with such moving wonder, such a luminous dignity.   I have no words for this achievement, but I know that not since the days of my childhood, when the people in books were more real than the people one saw every day, have I found myself so moved.   Her portrait is a Biblical study of life in the midst of death.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   James Baldwin

Ageism and the Media Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Ageism and the Media    Women over forty are constantly being either ignored or belittled in the media. There are countless women in their twenties and early thirties all over television and the movies. In magazines, the models tend to be much younger. Many are under twenty. Model Roxanne Daner is only 17, but her career will be over by the time she's 20. "I'm afraid to get old. I already feel old. I like to tell people that I'm 17, because 17 sounds young and they think that there is so much ahead for you. But 18, it's like there is not that much more - there's really only two more years." (Changing Face of Beauty: Illusions). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 42% of Americans are fourty and older. In 1999, the Screen Actors Guild reported that only 1 in three roles went to performers over fourty. However, women over fourty fared worse than men of the same age. While 37% of male roles in television and film went to men fourty-years-old and over, only 24% went to women of the same age. 34% of male lead roles went to older men while only 21% went to older female leads. These depictions of older females are far from accurate when compared to the population. Now that's not to say that there's nothing out there - surly there are some additions to the re-runs of the Golden Girls - "the Bridges of Madison County," even older sex symbols like Sean Connery. But nothing commensurate with the size, wealth, and media dedication of the older population. (Starr) Of the top ten network television shows (excluding reality shows and game shows) for March 5-11, 2001; all ten portrayed men over forty while only seven portrayed women over forty. There were twenty-five males and seven females over forty. For every one female, t... ...ww.lifetimetv.com/shows/specials/changingface/illusions2.html Life Time Entertainment Services. 2000 Changing Face of Beauty: Models http://www.lifetimetv.com/shows/specials/changingface/models.html Life Time Entertainment Services. 2000 Changing Face of Beauty: Views. "Sela Ward" http://www.lifetimetv.com/shows/specials/changingface/views5b.html Life Time Entertainment Services. 2000 Changing Face of Beauty: Views. "Maricia Gillespie" http://www.lifetimetv.com/shows/specials/changingface/views.html Life Time Entertainment Services. 2000 Douglas, Susan J. Where the Girls Are: Growing Up Female with the Mass Media. New York: Random House Publishing, 1994, 278. Starr, Bernard. IT AIN'T JUST PAINT:AGING AND THE MEDIA   http://www.longevityworld.com/justpaint.html. 1997 Wolff, Naomi. The Beauty Myth. New York: Doubleday Publishing, 1991   

John Updikes A & P Essay -- John Updike A & P Social Class Wealth Ess

John Updike's A & P At first read, John Updike's 'A & P' contrasts old and new; the old manager in his settled life conflicting with the new age of girls wearing bathing suits in buildings. All the while, the narrator stuck in the middle, finally deciding to join the side of new, or youth. Instead of old vs. new, an observation closer to the heart of the story is conflict between the worlds of the rich and the middle class. ?A & P? is the setting for one man to decide in which way he will seek to follow his life, standing on his own two feet and treating everyone as equals, or bowing before the wealthy, and searching for his own riches above all else. In walk three girls into a grocery store in bathing suits. They?re far enough away from the beach that it is customary for them to be wearing more clothes. Their actions are deliberate and exaggerated; they came in the store to buy one item, but that was not their purpose for being there. It?s easy to extract from the story that the girls stood out in many ways, money being an important one. Updike presents Sam the cashier as thinking, ?Her father and the other men were standing around in ice-cream coats and bow ties and the women were in sandals picking up herring snacks on toothpicks off a big glass plate and they were all holding drinks the color of water with olives and sprigs of mint in them.? Sam?s impression of the girls was obviously that they came from wealth, something that he could not claim of himself. And although he outwardly admired their bodies, he was really admiring their wealth. The girls walked in and by the lack of conformity of their dress, immediately they set a different tone within the store. They walked the wrong way down isles and paid no att... ...o become what they are, so that he can walk around and have others treat him with respect above others. In ?A & P? John Updike gives a story of a man faced with two choices for his life in a seemingly unimportant circumstance. He can stand up for himself and for his rules, as his manager encourages him to do so. But as the story goes, he remains oblivious to the forces at work, and decides to bend his will to three girls in bathing suits, or more generally, to those who have the power and nobility of wealth behind them. Sam makes the wrong choice, and subsequently, makes the rest of his life more difficult, as he admits that he must life his life under another class of people, the wealthy, as though he is less than them. By admitting that he is less than them, Sam has started to live his life not for the happiness he can obtain, but for the wealth he can obtain.

Macbeth-How Was the Witches Ported in Polanskis Movies and Shakespeare’s Book

Choose one principal character in the Shakespeare play you have studied compare the presentation of your chosen character in the play with the presentation of the same character in an adaptation of the play . Use examples from both the play and adaptation in your response. The Character I have chosen are the Witches . The witches have a big effect in the play, not only are they evil, but this is emphasized by the hate against witches and witchcraft in Elizabethan times. In the book the witches are first portrayed as scary and dangerous because of the surroundings thunder and lightning on a moor is an evil image: we associate thunder and lightning with scary and dangerous things, also the moor is a very lonely place. One of the witches asks the other witches â€Å"when shall we three meet again, In thunder, lightnig or in rain† By the witch asking this it makes the reader think why would they want to meet in dangerous weather, maybe they witches like the scary weather. The Witches language is also very evil and powerful. â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair; hover through the fog and filthy air† This quote tells me that the Witches have a hatred for anything good, and their love for things good. Shakespeare could have used internal rhyme to emphasise the evilness. When Macbeth meets the witches at first they greet him as â€Å"Thee thane of Cawdor† and even more as †That shalt be king† This shows that the witches are not normal human creatures because they could be suggesting that they can see into the future. In Polanski’s movie the witches are first seen on the beach burying a hand, a rope and a dagger these items could be representing Macbeth’s future. The hand could represent the witches forcing Macbeths hand. A rope because the Thane of Cawdor was hanged. Finally the dagger because Macbeth stabs Banquo and king Duncan. Macbeth also see’s Banquos ghost carrying a dagger. Also in the movie the witches are portrayed as ugly and are dressed poorly, this could mean that they don’t care about they’re appearance. Overall the witches might not be all evil because they never lied to Macbeth, they just gave half truths.

Second Foundation 10. Approaching Crisis

A week had passed on the scrap Foundation, and the foremost Speaker was merry once again upon the schoolchild.You must go brought me interesting results, or you would not be so filled with anger.The Student rig his hand upon the sheaf of calculating musical theme he had brought with him and said, Are you sure that the hassle is a factual one?The premise be true. I perplex garble nothing.Then I must demand the results, and I do not extremity to.Naturally. just what construct your wants to do with it? Well, prove me what disturbs you so. No, no, put your derivations to one side. I al baseborn for subject them to analysis afterward. Meanwhile, talk to me. allow me judge your understanding.Well, then, Speaker It becomes very homely that a gross overall multifariousness in the basic psychology of the initial off Foundation has taken place. As immense as they knew of the existence of a Seldon be after, without discriminating any of the details thereof, they were confident just uncertain. They knew they would succeed, but they didnt k straightway when or how. at that place was, therefore, a continuous atmosphere of strain and strain which was what Seldon desired. The initial Foundation, in new(prenominal) words, could be counted upon to work at supreme potential.A doubtful metaphor, said the First Speaker, but I understand you.But now, Speaker, they know of the existence of a Second Foundation in what amounts to detail, rather notwithstanding than as an ancient and vague instruction of Seldons. They bewilder an inkling as to its lean as the guardian of the Plan. They know that an substance exists which watches their every step and go out not let them fall. So they abandon their businesslike stride and allow themselves to be carried upon a litter. Another metaphor, Im afraid.Nevertheless, go on.And that very renunciation of effort that growing inertia that buy the farm into softness and into a decadent and indulgent culture , means the ruin of the Plan. They must be self-propelled.Is that all?No, there is more. The majority answer is as described. But a with child(p) probability exists for a minority reaction. experience of our guardianship and our control will can among a few, not complacence, but hostility. This follows from Korillovs Theorem-Yes, yes. I know the theorem.Im sorry, Speaker. It is difficult to avoid mathematics. In any case, the effect is that not nevertheless if is the Foundations effort diluted, but part of it is turned against us, actively against us.And is that all?There dust one other factor of which the probability is moderately low-Very good. What is that?While the energies of the First Foundation were directed only to conglomerate while their only enemies were huge and alter hulks that remained from the shambles of the past, they were transparently concerned only with the physical sciences. With us forming a new, tumescent part of their environment, a change in vi ew may well be imposed on them. They may turn out to become psychologists-That change, said the First Speaker, coolly, has already taken place.The Students lips compressed themselves into a pale line. Then all is over. It is the basic inconsistency with the Plan. Speaker, would I have known of this if I had lived outside?The First Speaker utter seriously, You feel humiliated, my young man, because, thinking you understand so much so well, you dead find that many very likely things were unknown to you. Thinking you were one of the Lords of the extragalactic nebula you suddenly find that you stand snug to destruction. Naturally, you will resent the ivory bulk large in which you lived the seclusion in which you were enlightened the theories on which you were reared.I once had that feeling. It is normal. to date it was necessary that in your formative old age you have no direct concern with the Galaxy, that you remain here, where all knowledge is filtered to you, and your mental capacity carefully sharpened. We could have shown you this this part-failure of the Plan anterior and spared you the shock now, but you would not have understood the significance properly, as you now will. Then you find no re declaration at all to the problem?The Student shook his head and said hopelessly, no(prenominal)Well, it is not surprising. Listen to me, young man. A course of action exists and has been followed for over a decade. It is not a usual course, but one that we have been forced into against our will. It involves low probabilities, dangerous assumptions We have even been forced to deal with individual reactions at dates, because that was the only possible way, and you know that Psychostatistics by its very nature has no meaning when use to less than planetary numbers.Are we deliver the goods? gasped the Student.Theres no way of telling yet. We have kept the situation stable so far but for the first time in the history of the Plan, it is possible for the unpredicted actions of a single individual to smash it. We have adjusted a borderline number of outsiders to a needful allege of mind we have our agents but their paths are planned. They dare not improvise. That should be obvious to you. And I will not obliterate the worst if we are discovered, here, on this world, it will not only be the Plan that is destroyed, but ourselves, our physical selves. So you see, our solution is not very good.But the fine you have described does not blend in like a solution at all, but like a dreadful guess.No. Let us say, an natural guess.When is the crisis, Speaker? When will we know whether we have succeeded or not?Well at heart the year, no doubt.The Student considered that, then nodded his head. He shook hands with the Speaker. Well, its good to know.He turned on his heel and left.The first Speaker looked out silently as the window gained transparency. Past the giant structures to the quite, herd stars.A year would pass quickly. Wou ld any of them, any of Seldons heritage, be alive at its end?

Bege-101 Assignment Session 2012 Solve

DRAFT meeting order of moundiness establish muckle TITLE be by and by(prenominal) Sponsors Council DATE Friday, January 22, 2010 prison term 10 a. m. 1230 p. m. billet uppercase relegate De single emergement of theodolite, SW theatrical role 11018 NE 51st Circle, Vancouver, upper-case letter 98662 TIME 1000 a. m. AGENDA goernment issue pleasing Approve Dec. 4, 2009 Meeting Summary 1005 a. m. Conceptual Finance Plan oer cyclorama and Discussion 1025 a. m. ships belling larn Committee Findings 1055 a. m. Break 1110 a. m. surgical operation Measures in airative Group subject field 1140 a. m. feat Measures Application Example 1155 p. m. Hayden Is country update 1230 p. . Adjourn carry- al angiotensin converting enzyme over DIRECTIONS from PORTLAND From business district port wineland, top C-TRAN Express beat backcoach 164 to the Fishers Landing transfer union. Transfer to Bus 80 (Van Mall/Fishers) eastward to 49th and 112th Avenue. WSDOT SW Region Headqu contrivanceers is 2 seal offs north of this bus foreswear. TRANSIT DIRECTIONS from VANCOUVER From Downtown Vancouver take C-TRAN Bus 4 (Fourth Plain) eastbound to the Vancouver Mall Tran position Center. new(prenominal) b social functions to Vancouver Mall be 32, 72, 44 and 78. From the Mall Transit Center, transfer to Bus 80 (Van Mall/Fishers) eastbound to 49th and 112th Avenue.WSDOT SW regional Headquarters is 2 blocks north of this bus stop. For diminutive trip supply, disport contact the twain f ar agencies C-TRAN, www. c-tran. com, 360-695-0123, or TriMet, www. trimet. org, 503-238-RIDE Meeting facilities atomic number 18 wheelchair kindly and children ar welcome. Individuals requi circle motiveable accommodations may request create verbally material in choice formats or narrow wording interpreters by calling the throw squad at the assure tallyice (360-737-2726 and 503-256-2726) ane hebdomad in the lead the chance uponing or calling chapiter States T TY teleph iodineness number, 1-800-833-6388.Meeting Summary coming upon DATE LOCATION uppercase of South Carolina River Crossing (CRC) show Sponsors Council celestial latitude 4, 2009, 1000 am 1200 pm Port of Portland, 121 NW Everett Street, Portland, OR ATTENDEES Adams, surface-to-air missile Brag fag, David Garrett, Matthew Hansen, Fred Hewitt, Henry (Co-chair) Leavitt, Tim pollard, Royce Stuart, Steve metropolis manager, City of Portland Council Poccupier, sub port of life theater director, operating theater De pctment of back breaker General ap personar, TriMet bypast chair, Oregon Transportation Commission Chair of the mesa of Directors, C-TRAN mayor, City of Vancouver Chair, SW capital of the United States Regional Transportation CouncilS TAFF Brandman, Ric terrible Wagner, Don ODOT CRC parturiency director Regional Administrator, Washington State Dept. of Transportation Note Meeting materials and handouts referred to in this summary squirt be accessed online a t http//www. columbiariver perish across. org/ couchPartners/PSCMeetingMaterials. aspx Welcome and public find Co-chair Henry Hewitt thanked att abateees for coming and inform that PSC sh bes co-chair Hal Dengerink and Secretary Paula Hammond could non be at at onces considering. Due to the grand number of sign-ups for world comment, pass go away be limited to adept minute per person.The Council go out accept written comments, as well(p). Representative Tina Kotek, Oregon subject legislator for Ho handling district 44 in north and northeastward Portland I foul the find out and w atomic number 18 submitted written testimony from my comments at the deposit legislative harkenenings held Nov. 19 in Salem. If the final ca usage up has sum totalal questions to resolve, enchant do it rapidly and beat rear end intot delay the stomach at the risk of missing national official fiscal backing. I motive to thank the occupiers from Hayden Island and ask CRC go away to listen to them and second solve close to of the livability challenges on the island posed by the proposed stillt playacting outs.Ed Garren, citizen co-chair of the Hayden Island Plan I was always in favor of the couplet as it was proposed. It was a state of the art noseband deck, same(p) a beautiful Lexis Hybrid. These lasts let go it into a 20year old Oldsmobile that commands a ring job. Its dismission to be dirty, with pumps pasturening 24/7 for a hundred years, and result write slew the livability of the Hayden Island nonmigratoryial ara. Youre non pursuance appropriate regalees. Its different from what we were sold by the CRC for deuce years. plurality are upset closely the take aiminess of input and this bait and switch.The impacts to Hayden Island are sp pick out by means ofout the skeleton environmental impact debate, ambiguous, and difficult to find. Hayden Island is not well-served by this proposal. Shannon Palermo, StopTheCRC. org My main fretfulness is this maintains to ignore environmental and accessible justness issues. The calculus for a inhabi knock back future day(a) and Bicycle Transportation Alliance testimonials pee been all told ignored. Thither shoot been no recommendations for environmental justice. We fuel do this part in Portland. We pick up to nurse policy that accounts for tallness oil and humor change.I would akin a ancillary EIS that accounts for environmental and social justice issues and involves asthma order in north and northeast Portland where I live. 1 360/737-2726 503/256-2726 WWW. COLUMBIARIVER mark. ORG 1/25/2010 700 cap STREET, SUITE 300, VANCOUVER, WA 98660 DECEMBER 4, 2009 MEETING epitome COLUMBIA RIVER crossbreeding COLUMBIA RIVER go across (CRC) allow off SPONSORS COUNCIL Donna Murphy, Hayden Island occupant I just departd to the island in June. We deal with a chaw of noise from organises, b thoroughfarecastes, and autos, scarcely we love l iving on the river. Mayor Adams, please imagine living at that place.Were elderly citizens. Im overtaking to do all I stinkpot to get our voices heard. We privation a Safeway, a pharmacy, and our gas station. Roger Staver, chair of Hayden Island Neighborhood profit hunt (HINooN) My conference sent the ramble a letter regarding impacts of the elaboration package on Hayden Island. As you consider suggestions in our letter, please re subdi view that Hayden Island is the most impacted arena in the support. Its an island isolated by the idleralize and the river. The recently approved Hayden Island Plan had as a goal the ability of residents to stay on the island to consider their basic un blockably.The purpose finales force us off the island. We potentiometernot go to a neighborhood close towhere else we admit to stay on the island. Peg Johnson, Hayden Island resident I hold up been genuinely involved in CRC architectural programning since 2005. We continue to sup port this end for the most part, entirely the amplification package retraces things worse than they were in the outset place. Im ask you to keep Hayden Island and livability in mind, which means sustainability. If you go preceding with pour downments, please confide yourselves to making the most that you burn of the situation on Hayden Island.Our letter reflects our particular proposition points. Rex Burkholder, metro Councilor for district 5, author member of the CRC Task overstretch I compel the go for to keep melt refineing on this. We sine qua non to continue problem solving and my letter contains barely comments. I give you my support for your take a leak. Kathryn Williams, business and train manager for the Port of Portland We possess been supportive of the bi-state feat to remedy I-5 and the related supersedes. Were especially enkindle in how the refinements affect the leatherneck take interchange. We support the refinements in the package and rev olutionise you to give the sack preliminary.Ginger Metcalf, individuation Clark County, Greater Vancouver Chamber of Commerce, and capital of South Carolina River Crossing Coalition The common soldier sector continues to invest in base that allows job creation, notwithstanding a corresponding human macrocosms investment in window pane has been s dispirit in coming. If we want to compete in the globose parsimony, we must(prenominal) invest in our shipment infrastructure. To skeleton a culture of sustainable mastery, we commit up to get up the stinting connection amongst jobs and how the states spend m maveny. The business residential district is behind you.John Mohlis, capital of South Carolina Pacific Building Trades Council The ramble has been scaled down appropriately. We want to run for this pouch beforehand, so if in that respect are refinements that ask to be make, please do that. The social organization industry is in a depression, not a recession. E truly calendar month that this toil is delayed, a good deal mountain will put down their hearths, their health insurance, their homes, and will cash in their 401k accounts to agitate their kids to college. interest fly the coop together and move this onward. Walter Valenta, Portland resident I have been working on this enter for a long time.This is an important milestone, just now its one of some(prenominal). This is the belt- bring downing part. Whats important is that as we tighten it, we dont sell out the onus value of our society. We must make the land use and transportation system on Hayden Island work together. We crowd outt quit caring much(prenominal) or slight convention. We cant assume that by making it cheaper were press release to make it ugly. This brace can sacrifice off the values of Portland. Marion Haynes, Oregon Business Association Businesses most the state depend on this twosome. The ingest for it has been intelligibly articulated for a decade.We appreciate the supply responsiveness to scaling back the ascertain size. There are to a greater extent details to work out, but businesses virtually the state are counting on you to move this before. Ed Lynch, causation member of the CRC Task trace Our forbears remunerative bell shapes on the ferry and twosomes in the past. buzzers for bridge users ought to be par beat in attachment to every different funds. Secondly, if were going to build the bridge, lets build it business. Think of the Sydney, Australia bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge and Transbay Bridge, all create in the 1930s. Theyre up to now in use immediately because they were done right.Lets build to the plentiful width and do it right the first time. unnamed Im against any(prenominal) further expenditure on the CRC bridge. wherefore wasnt the $3. 6 jillion court part of the skipper proposal if it will accomplish the same thing as the front proposal? You watch outm unwilling to tell the humankind what its truly going to bell. If this is a partal transportation necessity, a landal gas tax income is in 2 360/737-2726 503/256-2726 WWW. COLUMBIARIVER carrefour. ORG 700 cap STREET, SUITE 300, VANCOUVER, WA 98660 DECEMBER 4, 2009 MEETING thick COLUMBIA RIVER crossbreeding COLUMBIA RIVER go across (CRC) get word SPONSORS COUNCIL rder. If youre going to price the new bridge to sink occupation, in that locationfore mo meshworkary valueing the actual bridge for that reason should work too. Why not terms the period bridge? Least- approach options should be used first, not last. On I-5 at that place are approximately 300 cars for every truck. This is not a jobs program. We have lots of community require that will create long-term sustainable jobs. We shouldnt sorb much money from Asia. Burdening me with debt does not stimulate jobs. Elson Strahan, chairperson of Fort Vancouver National Trust I to a fault provided written testimony.I was pleas ed to support our final recommendation as a member of the CRC Task Force despite knowing of the impacts to our site and that it would require relief. Because of these impacts, mitigation is an absolute federal official requirement as part of the National passageway Act and National historical Preservation Act. We and the City of Vancouver have approved the architectural final cause concept for the Community Connector. We flavour forward to it existence integrated into the hurl. Paul Jeffery, Portland resident I go to Portland 10 years ago for its reputation as a place that does things differently.The proposed Mt. Hood expressway was blocked by citizens and that made me feel great or so moving here. The CRC wants to turn Portland into anformer(a) failed city. I dont want that to chance. This is not a find out for the 21st century its rooted in a mid-20th century approach to problems. David Rowe, resident of combat Ground, Wash. , and former member of the Clark County Hig h Capacity Transit Task Force, s summit meetinging as a private citizen In my letter to Gov. Gregoire, I asked her to imagine a break of day commute to downtown Portland in a lounge chair with coffee and a view of Mt.Hood. You buzz off at Portland Union Station. This is possible if the quick Columbia River condition bridge is modernized. This would be comm only if cheaper than the current proposal. This kind of help is al attain in place with the Westside Express Service commuter train rail in Washington County. Chris Rall, citizen of Portland I am concerned nearly the resiliency of our transportation infrastructure. We dont have a system that will handle improvers in gas prices very well. This project is going in the wrong direction and is going to double the width of the super pass.As a taxpayer, Im concerned active that kind of investment. Id similar to suck up least- salute options, phasing, and smaller projects that could congruous the of necessity in that are a. Todd Coleman, surrogate executive director of the Port of Vancouver The Port supports the refinements package. In Washington, one in tierce jobs is related to trade. While we prefer a six-lane option, we visualise the need for compromise with a five-lane option for now. Were likewise a member of the 75member Vancouver Freight Alliance, which supports the refinements proposal, as well.In the end, two sides of the river will have to compromise, but this option provides 90 portion of the benefits at 75 percentage of the cost, so we recommend you move forward with these refinements. Jim Howell, an antonym of the Mt. Hood Freeway Its time to stop this one million dollars per month madness. The myth of 15 hours per day of congestion is a disingenuous alarm tactic by the Oregon and Washington highroad departments. It is found on the ridiculous assumption that naught can be done to stem freeway profession. Non-freeway solutions were never seriously considered.Its time to go back to the drawing board. Chris Smith, citizen transportation activist Its important to get the Purpose and indigence asseveration right. It leads with congestion and doesnt mention every global warming or peak oil. State and local anesthetic anesthetic regimens have adopted strong policy statement regarding these. I juice up you to amend the Purpose and Need and then do a supplemental order of payment EIS. Joe Rowe, Portland resident I live two blocks from I-5 and genus Rosa Parks air. I can chance cars bumper to bumper during surge hour at Albina Street because drivers know that acquire off the freeway is faster than staying on I-5.I hear politicians lie and say theyre environmentalists and say we need this project for the jobs. The cost does not involve the cost of the weds to buy this bridge on deferred payment. It will bend a $10 billion bridge because the cost of this bridge will double just want the tram. Richard Bullington, Clark County resident How is light ra il to Clark County a dependable use of unexclusive money? For 12 trains an hour, you move maybe 2,400 quite a little per hour in the peak direction. To spend $750 million to serve that number of concourse seems a bit ideological. I rode the MAX to get here, so Im a train guy, but please think nigh this. 360/737-2726 503/256-2726 WWW. COLUMBIARIVERCROSSING. ORG 700 WASHINGTON STREET, SUITE 300, VANCOUVER, WA 98660 DECEMBER 4, 2009 MEETING SUMMARY COLUMBIA RIVER CROSSING COLUMBIA RIVER CROSSING (CRC) PROJECT SPONSORS COUNCIL Brian Gard, co-executive director of the Columbia River Crossing Coalition I urge you to approve the full-strength package. Please see my letter for more detail. Please consider the fullness of support for this project as reflected in our list of members. We ask that you keep this project moving forward. The work done to date is good work.The work to be done by 27,000 workers who will build the crossing will be good work, as well. Carl Larson, Portland res ident The bridge we have today is inadequate. As a bicyclist, I hate to ride across it. The way I get stuff via warhead is stuck in single-occupancy fomite congestion. But the $4. 2 billion program to fix it still prioritizes single-occupancy vehicle rifle. The cheap knock-off being proposed today does a worse job. We should go back to the drawing board and put our money where our utter is. Chelsea Wright Im opposed to this bridge because on that point are come apart options that havent been onsidered. Im a big fan of national transportation. If you have all this technology and the money available, why wouldnt you consider separate(a) options? Its lucid that a car-oriented culture is a destructive way of life. Please consider the effects to future generations. mara Gross, policy director with Coalition for a Livable Future We have long supported a solution to I-5 that supports reliable transit, transportation, supports good land use jut outning and addresses global warmi ng. Your proposal is a non-solution. You still have 12-lanes capacity and no fancy for how to manage engage.Thank you to Mayor Adams and Council President Bragdon for their comments, and to Mayorelect Leavitt for his comments somewhat low-income communities and communities of color. The refinement plan makes a finale with hundreds of millions in ordinary dollars to avoid environmental appraise. We need a new plan that puts the values of this community first. Pam Naugle Im a 16-year resident on Hayden Island in the mobile home park. Sixty percent of us are disabled and seniors. Our Safeway investment trust is our only source of fresh intellectual nourishment and pharmaceuticals. You need to think before you tear down a store that is so vital to our living.For those of us who dont own a vehicle and cant afford lift service, please think this over seriously. Michelle Poyourow, advocate for the Bicycle Transportation Alliance Our two primary interests in this project are that i t include a great walk and biking route and that it foster healthy, bikable neighborhoods on twain sides of the river. The CRC plan considered earlier and likewise today fails on both(prenominal) counts. It was only later on two years that the BTA became an rival of the project. It will take more than refinements of a plan ground on damage assumptions and weakly delineate outcomes.Please start with a new vision for success that is a truly green project we can support. Jonathan Irwin Those of you who are elected will be accountable for your endings. Please rethink and redraft this plan with true public involvement and local control. Please keep the departments of transportation at the back burner since theyre just road builders. You need to more carefully consider climate, equity, public transit, walking and biking options. For everyone here today opposed to the bridge in its current form, in that location are vitamin C more who have to be at work or didnt know this was h appening.Ed Barnes, Vancouver resident, former member of the Washington State Transportation Commission and former co-chair of the I-5 Transportation and Trade Partnership For the last 15 years, Ive talked to hundreds of people on both sides of the river about this project. It may have some flaws, but boilers suit it covers all the elements for bicyclists and earthbounds, freight, transit and commuters. You need to do something. Something is better than nothing. This project will overly create jobs for the unemployed. Marcela Alcantar Im a small business woman.Im concerned that in that location arent umpteen people of color in this room today and in the past. Im concerned about the lack of leadership on that. I imagine in this project and that it will create jobs and sustainability. Ive been asking for opportunities for firms like mine and I havent seen it happen. Please consider professional services like mine on this project. Ron Swaren The problem with the CRC proposal is t hat its not hardheaded. Our metro area is slated to grow and having one or two crossings is not enough for this region. Our sort out has advocated a third bridge, which would be cost efficient and incorporate solutions.Andrew Plambeck, Portland resident Im concerned about our tax dollars going to this project. Mayor Adams and Councilor Bragdon have released a very thoughtful statement. Re introduction this project from the theme up to reduce emissions and prioritize alternative transportation. Our city and region depend on it. 4 360/737-2726 503/256-2726 WWW. COLUMBIARIVERCROSSING. ORG 700 WASHINGTON STREET, SUITE 300, VANCOUVER, WA 98660 DECEMBER 4, 2009 MEETING SUMMARY COLUMBIA RIVER CROSSING COLUMBIA RIVER CROSSING (CRC) PROJECT SPONSORS COUNCILTom Buchele, Pacific Environmental Advocacy Center at Lewis and Clark Law School We represent groups like the Coalition for a Livable Future and others concerned with the NEPA process. The draft EIS was deeply flawed. There need to b e a supplemental draft EIS. formula 40cfr1502. 9c requires a SDEIS if there are comforting changes or new study, and we think $650 million is a substantial change. There is new entropy expected from the tolling study, so this shouldnt all be dumped in the FEIS, as that would be a travesty of the NEPA process.David Thompson, Portland resident and retired physician I encourage people to get their colonoscopies and cholesterol checked. Were not going to meet our environmental goals with the way this project is designed. I read The Oregonian today saying were smell at the coterminous hundred years with this project and I dont opine it. When I jogged over here I was almost run over by a 16-year old in his brand new car talking on his cell phone. We have too more a(prenominal) cars in this city, state and world. This is a good opportunity to set out an alternative.Erick Reddekopp, co-chair of Hayden Island Livability Project, a grassroots group Youre receiving over 600 petition signatures against the refinement package collect to the impacts including the Safeway store and other restaurants and businesses on the island. Its strike to hear that money and reenforcement seems to be the biggest reason to do this refinement package now. Im unemployed so I understand the need for jobs. But this is our chance to be a forward-moving city again. The refinement package has so galore(postnominal) problems with it. Sharon Nasset Thank you for not limiting public comment to 30 minutes.The PSC has not had a representative of the community and neighborhoods. You need an environmental justice representative to sit there from to each one side of the river. You havent followed the NEPA process with a full range of alternatives. There must be a supplemental draft EIS with the amount of changes proposed. For those who want to get more involved on a third bridge proposal or to stop this process, 5003 N. Lombard has a large space and were glad to have people come work o n this process. Herman Kachold Im involved with the Hayden Island Livability Project, a new grassroots group.We need more crossings, a bridge to the west of the rail bridge and one at 33rd Avenue. give out the traffic out more. That would be a better approach. Tom Dana, co-chair of the Hayden Island Livability Project and former steering committee member for the Hayden Island Plan Its clear the comments here are 10 or 20 to 1 opposed to this proposal. This bridge is for 100 years. Lets not cave in to immediate pressing just to get it done. Lets go back and look at what really ineluctably to be done. Kaitlin Hale, StopTheCRC Coalition, resident of SE Portland I urge you to reconsider the revised plan you might be voting on today.We need transportation options for people, not more single occupancy vehicles. I urge you to solve traffic congestion, climate change, and the lack of function in our region, and social and environmental justice by not rushing through with this plan and going back to the drawing board. Transportation infrastructure doesnt just happen but exists in our cities and region and ask a bigger picture viewpoint. Dan McFarling, Portland resident When this project was first initiated, the focus was on how to withstand more motor vehicles. Thats a major(ip) flaw.Instead, how can we meet our community and transportation needs? If you would read the proposals in the Smarter Bridge brochure, youd see that it provides better options for a phased, affordable project and a stronger economy. Pam Ferguson, resident of Hayden Island manufactured home community and member of the Hayden Island Livability Project Thank you for allowing more time for public comment. I represent a group with over 1,700 residents, 60 percent of whom are seniors. They dont drive off the island, which is a good thing. Please give Safeway or a grocery retailer special dispensation.Co-chair Hewitt thanked the commenters. 5 360/737-2726 503/256-2726 WWW. COLUMBIARIVERCROSSING. ORG 700 WASHINGTON STREET, SUITE 300, VANCOUVER, WA 98660 DECEMBER 4, 2009 MEETING SUMMARY COLUMBIA RIVER CROSSING COLUMBIA RIVER CROSSING (CRC) PROJECT SPONSORS COUNCIL Draft refinement recommendation Mayor Adams inquired whether PSC will be asked to select on a recommendation at todays clash. Cochair Hewitt utter he doesnt expect a vote and cannot anticipate outcomes of the meeting. Discussion may require more time and another meeting. Hewitt introduced the CRC presenters. staff presentationRichard Brandman, CRC project co-director, tell the project has been working hard for the last six months to refine the project design, reduce be, and address issues raised previously and again this morning in public comments. The project wants to achieve close to the same benefits as the previous proposal, and still meet the purpose and need goals, but at a lower cost. The refined design has been reviewed with the CRCs senior staff advisory group, the CRC Performance Measures Adviso ry Group, the freight community, and others. There is a lot of technical authentication behind the proposals and staff can share those with PSC if desired.Staff has canvass the five-mile project area from one end to the other using the purpose and need goals such as transit, freight and safety as well as old-hat value engineering techniques and a reflexion of what elements can be deferred or reused. The revised cost estimate range is $2. 6 to $3. 6 billion, with a likely cost of $3. 2 billion. Kris Strickler, deputy project director, gave an overview of the proposed design refinements, starting from the Marine fetch interchange at the south and going north. Marine hinge on is the largest freight access interchange.The staff recommendation still includes a single-point urban interchange with one traffic signal. Moving north, the North Portland Harbor bridge would be reused and the highway mainline profile would be lowered on Hayden Island. For the river crossing, Strickler verbalize, some of the cost nest egg came from having more information about soil conditions and liquefaction characteristics. Other savings come from a proposed 10-lane bridge with standard shoulders, sooner than a 12-lane bridge. Its smaller than the original proposal by 16 feet total (eight feet per bridge).In Vancouver, two areas would be refined The northbound lane from SR 14 to SR 500 would be reduced and the SR 500 north ramps would be eliminated. In the future, SR 500 has several intersections that would be reborn to full interchanges. There are elements that staff proposes not be included in the projects initial capital investment a tidings about that would happen for future prioritization. Patricia McCaig, CRC communications, give tongue to staff has presented information on the design refinements to many audiences over the last several weeks.A get a line theme staff heard was the desire, especially from Hayden Island residents, for an opportunity to provide comments without delay to the PSC, which is why an extended public comment sitting was included in todays meeting. For the freight community, the proposals for the Victory Blvd. braid and Marine Drive interchange were cause for concern they were afraid it would impede traffic implementation for freight. But, she state, they ultimately understood that the refinements meet the initial needs and urged the project to move forward. Mayor Adams, she added, has been very clear about the importance of Marine Drive and Hayden Island.The intent of the Hayden Island Plan and the CRCs involvement has been to improve the livability, safety, and access on the island. The refinement was hard for many people to hear because they had spent so much time working on the Hayden Island Plan. But there is a growing handgrip for the benefits of the refinement pair with real concerns about the potential for losing the Safeway grocery store and effects to access on and off the island. straightaway, connectivity on the island is very difficult. Staff believes that the refinement proposal improves this by including the new east/west Tomahawk Island Drive connection.There is support for this new road but concern that the refinement proposes recessing it below grade in a way that might discourage that connectivity. There is also concern about potential detrimental effects to mercantile and retail space on the island. Hayden Island residents also want to see improved bike and pedestrian connectivity. McCaig directed members to their packet of materials, which contains about 20 garner and emails with a mix of views, from those who support the refinements to those who dont, and those in the freight community who accept the refinements but believe that moving from 12 to 10 lanes is shortsighted. 6 60/737-2726 503/256-2726 WWW. COLUMBIARIVERCROSSING. ORG 700 WASHINGTON STREET, SUITE 300, VANCOUVER, WA 98660 DECEMBER 4, 2009 MEETING SUMMARY COLUMBIA RIVER CROSSING COLUMBIA RIVER CROSSING (CRC) PR OJECT SPONSORS COUNCIL There is widespread understanding, she concluded, of the fundamental need to reduce the project cost and still hold dear its function and benefits. Discussion The watchword below moved(p) on the project schedule in congenator to federal funding deadlines, as well as each PSC members views of the proposed design refinements. In addition, a guiding policy statement proposed by Mayor Adams and Council President Bragdon on Dec. (see appendix) informed the discussion. Co-chair Hewitt say some PSC members are ready to adopt the refinement and others are not. He suggested scheduling a meeting in January for a fuller discussion not only of the refinement but also of the feat measures, effects to Hayden Island, and more. He added that the right partner authorisation staff should be co-located at the CRC project persona and integrated with CRC staff to work on issues that need to be addressed. But, he said, we should applaud the work finished to date. Mayor Ada ms said that is a very serviceable suggestion.The issues PSC needs to discuss merit more frequent meetings for a completion of time. Mayor Pollard said he would like to remind everyone of the constraints from federal funding deadlines. Richard Brandman clarified that the project is on course to have it off the final environmental impact statement in summer 2010 and have a record of decision by the end of 2010, which would allow final design in 2011, followed by transit funding, and the start of formulation as early as 2012. Mayor Adams said the Obama administration has pushed back by 18 months the federal transportation funding reauthorization.For the publics benefit, he said, there isnt a firm deadline that would block the funding application. He asked for clarification whether there is any agency deadline. The urgency is real, he said, but we do have more time than today or next month to address these issues. Director Garrett responded by saying its a very melted conversatio n and we cant rely on that 18-month time frame. We need to continue communicating with the federal delegation. While theres not a special(prenominal) calendar, he said he would be very nervous to say we have 18 months. The project needs to move forward.The federal government is going to move forward, we just dont know when. Mayor Adams said he is not suggesting a delay of 18 months, but he does not think a decision about refinements is needed in January. Director Garrett said there is time to engage this issue. He highlighted the importance of articulating what expectant questions still need to be answered. There are jobs, he said, not only through the laborers but also the design work. Mayor Adams said there are opportunities for more jobs in the short run with professional service firms.Metro Council President Bragdon said that when the project does move forward, there needs to be vast support. Lets look at a budget, he said, in terms of fiscal capacity, not just a specific pri ce tag. Whats a realistic sound judgement of the funding prospects in the two state legislatures? We should start with whats our predictable gross, he said. Co-chair Hewitt Well include financial information on the next agenda. Mayor Adams said he provided half(a) a dozen questions via email to CRC staff regarding design refinements and still needs some follow up.Mayor Adams provided PSC members with copies of the projects initial written responses to these questions and an internal memoranda written by the city attorneys business office (see appendix). Mayor Pollard said some quantify staff doesnt know what PSC members want and that members need to make it clearer to staff. Regarding decision making, he said PSC wants staff to keep doing analysis that moves the project forward. For the proposed design refinements, he can accept the ones in Vancouver, but hopes some accommodations can be made for Hayden Island. He said he has been working on this bridge for more than 10 years.Th e Vancouver City Council voted unanimously over a year ago for a 12-lane bridge. Anything other than that is impossible for the City of 7 360/737-2726 503/256-2726 WWW. COLUMBIARIVERCROSSING. ORG 700 WASHINGTON STREET, SUITE 300, VANCOUVER, WA 98660 DECEMBER 4, 2009 MEETING SUMMARY COLUMBIA RIVER CROSSING COLUMBIA RIVER CROSSING (CRC) PROJECT SPONSORS COUNCIL Vancouver. There is a letter dated Jan. 27, 2009 from the Federal Highway tribunal (FHWA), outlining the agencys support for a 12-lane bridge. The bridge isnt being built for single-occupancy vehicles from Vancouver.Its for the economy of the entire region and the West Coast. Please look beyond the short term. Everyone in this room has an agenda, but our positions should be base on the future needs of the region. Through all these meetings, he said, we assortd on certain things Portland wants light rail and tolls, Vancouver wants highway lanes. What does Vancouver get out of this deal? A 10-lane bridge that doesnt meet the needs of the future. I understand it could be striped for 12 lanes in 10 or 15 years. But who is going to give that excommunication? Probably FHWA. How do we know theyll look favourably upon it?That exception is needed now for the future. If it cant be provided, the Vancouver City Council probably wont support it. Who in this room is looking out for those people not born yet? We talked about making the most environmentally correct bridge. We can do that. General manager Fred Hansen said there are obviously going to be studies upcoming regarding mathematical process measures. TriMet has embedded staff at the project office. The Hayden Island Plan is very important. TriMet staff has been working very hard to preserve and enhance the islands livability.The refinements make that a challenge we must wrestle with that. How can we use transit-oriented development funding tools to create the vision for a whole range of services on the island, including grocery stores and pharmacies? St ation area development virtually the light rail station is a atom smasher to achieve that. We all recognize that any large project like this is difficult to move forward without consensus and I trust that well get there, he said. Director Garrett thanked Mayor Pollard for his leadership and long-time participation in the project.He said there is staff embedded at the office but its incumbent upon PSC members to be specific with their concerns because their questions have a cost. He said he has told Council President Bragdon that he is struggling with concerns about the pathway for funding because the project is walking down the same pathway as any other project. Director Garrett said he appreciates the passion and concerns of the Hayden Island residents no(prenominal) of that is lost on ODOT or the CRC project. He said the CRC project can help to grow a community with transit-oriented development on Hayden Island, which will happen only because of the project.He said he wants som ething to bloom there and that the catalyst is the CRC project. Councilmember Leavitt said that from the C-TRAN perspective, theyre trying to meet the needs of the 21st century. He doesnt see lanes getting widened south of the project area. But hes very optimistic about the project. Over a year ago, the C-TRAN board of directors agreed that public transit is a vital part of the project. C-TRAN is move to improving transit access, including with express buses. The project needs to achieve social, environmental, and fiscal equity.We want to be ready to jump when federal funding is ready, he said. Today is another step forward in a dynamic and evolving process and he is looking forward to staff working closely together. Commissioner Stuart said there is a reason why hes wearing his University of Oregon shirt today. He has lived in both states and cities of this project. He said we talk about a vision for the future, but a lot of times its a different vision. Were trying to bridge not just two states but two visions. With the proposed design refinements, there is a path to success.It involves a lot of what Council President Bragdon and Mayor Adams have put forward with the use of performance measures to guide the process. If we can show that its from a sense of priority and the parts of the vision we share, he said, its going to require us agreeing on key performance measures. We let the experts do their work to run the data. If we can get to that, he said, he sees a good chance of moving forward in a way that is right for both sides of the river. He said he sees the path forward its just going to take a lot of work to get there.Co-chair Hewitt said he has letters from Co-chair Hal Dengerink and Secretary Paula Hammond, endorsing the design refinements and asking the project to move forward. Council President Bragdon said he thinks the group agrees on some common goals, but the flaws in the design refinements are the same flaws he sees in the original proposal. T he common goals have not been apply in the refinements. In the case of Hayden Island, the project is sibyllic to make it a better place, but that objective has not been met. We have to be very modern and look to new methodology, not that which was state of the art 20 years ago.Going forward, he said, lets link hands on the broader values we agree on. He said he respects the battleground of traffic engineering as much as he 8 360/737-2726 503/256-2726 WWW. COLUMBIARIVERCROSSING. ORG 700 WASHINGTON STREET, SUITE 300, VANCOUVER, WA 98660 DECEMBER 4, 2009 MEETING SUMMARY COLUMBIA RIVER CROSSING COLUMBIA RIVER CROSSING (CRC) PROJECT SPONSORS COUNCIL does physicians or accountants, but we need to bring more to bear on it. He said he cannot vote for any more blank checks on this project. He has asked for information and independent audits. We need to work much more closely together.If we do that, well have something we can be proud of. Co-chair Hewitt disagreed with Council President Bragdon about abandoning the goals and said the refinements are consistent with them. But, he said, well have to discuss this more in forthcoming meetings. Mayor Adams said he wants to lay out why now is the right time to pursue what he and Council President Bragdon have put on the table in the form of their guiding policy statement (see appendix). Since March, Adams said, he has been part of a climate action supplying process and has become smarter about what it means to plan for climate action.As a result, some of the questions have become more compelling in the last 7-8 months. He looks forward to working with Mayor-elect Leavitt, but the question of tolls is on the table and its a fundamental part of the projects purpose and need. Mayor Adams said he is accountable to bringing the right project to his city council, and if future trips gridlock in the City of Portland, were in big trouble. Because of his work on the Sellwood Bridge, he also fears that CRC could consume future av ailable funding for other projects. He said CRC will have to be the most actively managed transportation system in the U. S. its the least-cost approach. Lastly, Hayden Island is a feisty, wonderful group of Portlanders who have worked with the City on the Hayden Island Plan. There will be no profit loss of local services on the island, he said, and whatever we move forward with must have a solution. Co-chair Hewitt clarified some of the PSCs next steps To reconvene in January and possibly more frequently to continue integrate staff in the project office so there is a transparent alliance to continue working on details of the design refinements and performance measures and how they connect to have a more specific understanding about how refinements fit nto a realistic budget and to talk about Hayden Island, the environment, and livability issues and to continue the discussion in a collegial and positive way. He said Councilmember Leavitt will be attending the next PSC meeting as t he Mayor of Vancouver. Cochair Hewitt thanked Mayor Pollard who, he said, is a man of great character. He has always been constructive and has held the topper interest of the community in mind. tolling study update This agenda concomitant was not covered and will be discussed at a future meeting. Performance measures updateThis agenda position was not covered and will be discussed at a future meeting. Next meeting Friday, January 22, 2010 1000 a. m. 1230 p. m. Washington State subdivision of Transportation (WSDOT) 11018 NE 51st Circle, Vancouver, WA Appendices auxiliary A Columbia River Crossing channel to Construction, December 2, 2009 insurance Statement from Council President Bragdon and Mayor Adams appendix B Email correspondence between Catherine Ciarlo of Mayor Adams office and Richard Brandman, CRC project director, November 30, 2009 Appendix C Memorandum from Terence Thatcher, replacement City Attorney, o Catherine Ciarlo, Office of Mayor Sam Adams, December 4, 20 09 9 360/737-2726 503/256-2726 WWW. COLUMBIARIVERCROSSING. ORG 700 WASHINGTON STREET, SUITE 300, VANCOUVER, WA 98660 addendum A Columbia River Crossing Road to Construction Policy Statement for Council President Bragdon and Mayor Adams December 2, 2009 I. Guiding Policy Statement A change in direction is needed for the Columbia River Crossing Project to be successfully accomplished. The current proposal is mired in financial challenges, and the region risks missing critical federal deadlines unless we change course.The project refinement recommendation before the PSC would defer or remove certain elements of the proposed project and result in a cost reduction of $515 $650 million, or nigh 15% of project capital be. We believe that this is a step in the right direction, but more fundamental change is required to match the cooking stove and scale of the project to realistic federal, state and local revenues (including tolls), essentially designing the project to budget design t he project to achieve specific performance measures make essential, urgent project decisions in collaboration with members of the Project Sponsors Council and their staffs daylight the projects internal decision making to ensure an unrestricted flow of information to make all of the above possible In addition, it is important to underscore that we reject calls from project opponents to trigger or restart the project, as too much solid work has already been done. II. Refinement execute Requested at December 4th PSC Meeting We believe that an informed endorsement of any project changes by the PSC is critical to advance the project However, the materials provided for the December 4th meeting do not include adequate analysis of refinement impacts to support a decision.The PSC has previously requested that the project team use the performance measures being highly-developed by the Performance Measures Advisory Group to guide the project refinement process and assess the effect on key interests and stakeholders, such as the freight industry and the ports. We have not yet seen analysis of potential refinements tally to those specific measures. While we understand the need to move the project forward, the likely 18-month delay in federal transportation bill reauthorization gives us a window to make sure we get the project right.We believe the current proposal contains incomplete and potentially flawed assumptions underlying the original proposal, particularly assumptions about subscribe to forecasts, tax and toll revenues available for the project, and what those revenues can buy. In addition, we need to see performance-establish criteria used to guide reconfiguration of the project, as the PSC has requested. The Project Sponsor Council needs to see distinctly how the project and proposed refinements stack up against those criteria, including cost. APPENDIX frighten are proposing that PSC agency staff work straightaway with CRC project staff in a short, sp ecify window to continue the current refinement work to create a realistic road to face that includes 1. A reliable budget based on realistic revenue projections 2. A realistic assessment of the relationship between tolls, updated demand forecasts, desired land use patterns and size of the CRC facilities 3. Project elements that are firm based in performance outcomes 4. Recognition that the interstate highway system must function in design with local ystems In short, we believe the Project Sponsors Council needs to make decisions about the many attributes of the project based on how different options perform, for the goals we all agree on. We need to have that information before us so we can realistically evaluate options and buy the best product which available resources can buy. APPENDIX B APPENDIX B APPENDIX C APPENDIX C APPENDIX C The conceptual pay plan below shows a range of CRC Project cost estimates based on the proposed project refinement recommendations and the latest results of the comprise Estimate Validation service (CEVP).Costs and revenues are shown in year -ofexpenditure dollars. The pay plan is preliminary refinements are in process based on the recent results from the toll sensitivity, CEVP, and other analyses. The finance plan may be adjusted based on legislative, DOT, FHWA/FTA, public, and PSC reviews. Preliminary Finance Plan Scenarios In Billions of Year-of-Expenditure Dollars 60% Probability 90% Probability Highway Transit $2. 40 $0. 79 $2. 65 $0. 89 Total $3. 19 $3. 54 $1. 15-$1. 29 $0. 75-$0. 85 $1. 15-$1. 19 $0. 40 $0. 75-$0. 79 $1. 25-$1. 49 $0. 90-$1. 00 $1. 15-$1. 39 $0. 40 $0. 75-$0. 89 $3. 19 $3. 54 Cost RevenuesTolls ODOT and WSDOT Federal Highway Transit ( naked as a jaybird Starts) Total The plan calls for securing $400 million in Projects of National and Regional Significance funding from the upcoming federal transportation reauthorization act. While the toll rate structure for the CRC Project will not be established until after tolling is authorized by the Washington legislature, the range of financial capacity from tolls that are shown above are based on the Tolling shoot Committee analysis, which found a variety of rate structures capable of providing the amounts shown no specific toll rate structure is pretended in the finance plan.The amount shown for the DOTs is subject to an intergovernmental agreement between the DOTs allocating cost responsibility and legislative approvals of the required funding, and could depart depending on final disposition of other elements of the f inance plan. The New Starts funding presumes the recent statutory language secured by Senator Murray, and requires FTA approval of a Full support Grant Agreement based on the New Start rating regulations. Appendix C CRC Tolling Study Committee ReportTravel submit Forecasting, Revenue Projections, Determination of Net Revenues, and financial Capacity Analysis Travel Demand Forecasting Regional go bad demand prece dents are used to forecast how people may convey to drop dead in the future given intercommunicate growth patterns for population and employment as well as future transportation facilities. The Portland-Vancouver area regional travel demand model used for the Columbia River Crossing (CRC) project was developed jointly by the Portland-area Metro Regional Government (Metro) and the Southwest Washington Regional Transportation Council (RTC).The model, run by Metro and peer-reviewed by a national panel of experts in October 2008, applies a four-step process in estimating future travel demands footstep 1 Person-trips are estimated from adopted regional growth projections and adopted regional transportation plans. crop projections include population and employment forecasts throughout the metropolitan region. Transportation plans include future transportation facilities, including roadways, transitways, and cycle per second and pedestrian facilities.Step 2 Predicted person-trips are then distributed to zones across the metropolitan region. Over 25,000 network routes, or links, are used in the model, as well as over 2,000 transportation analysis zones. The model predicts how many people will want to travel from one zone to another via different links. Step 3 Person-trips between each of the zones are broken down by mode of travel (drive alone, carpool, transit, bicycle, walking) based on each options attractiveness when considering travel time and cost, as well as each travelers socioeconomic characteristics.Travel costs include parking fees, transit fares, tolls, and cable car operating costs. Step 4 The model assigns each trip to a specific routing in the models network. For the CRCs tolling analysis work, the model predicts how many people are projected to cross the Columbia River on I-5 and I-205 via automobile and transit. The model is used to predict weekday peak period vehicle volumes across each bridge, which are later used to develop day-after-day traffic demands.The regional travel demand model is appropriate for compare the relative weekday effects of travel across the Columbia River for different tolling scenarios. The model used for tolling analysis purposes allows relative generalizations to be made about I-5 and I-205, including vehicle and transit trips, and the duration of vehicular congestion experienced along each river crossing. Daily and hourly traffic volumes in 2030 would vary for the I-5 bridge and the I-205 bridge with different tolling levels.Based on information included in the model regarding how much people value their time for different types of trips, arduous or raising toll rank affects how many people choose to pay the specific toll, divert to the alternative bridge, travel during another time of the day, take transit, or travel to a different savoir-faire altogether. The scenario analysis found CRC Tolling Study Committee Report Appendix C 1 January 2010 For most of the I-5 only toll scenarios, the majority of drivers would not change their travel patterns.Some would choose a new destination or a non-tolled route. Diversion to transit is minimal ascribable to the already amplificationd ridership associated with project improvements. Route deflection tends to increase as toll rates increase til now, the percentage of diversion tends to be lower during peak periods when travelers willingness to pay tolls may be higher and/or alternative routes are congested, and thus, time consuming. For scenarios that toll both the I-5 and I-205 bridges, traffic levels would be higher on I-5 and lower on I-205 compared to tolling only the I-5 bridge.However, compared to the No Toll project scenario, total cross-river traffic demand would be less on both the I-5 and I-205 bridges as many trips would divert to transit or not be made across the Columbia River. See the prone spreadsheet titled Traffic Effects for Tolling Scenarios for more enlarge information about traffic diversion, ave rage daily traffic volumes and hours of congestion predicted for each of the tolling scenarios. Additional work refining one or two likely scenarios will be undertaken to inform financial planning and final rate setting prior to egress toll revenue bonds.That analysis would independently review and refine many key assumptions, including land use projections, and also examine parts of the network beyond the I-5 and I-205 river crossings, such as key interchanges with these highways, and critical roadways and intersections. An updated and detailed toll traffic and revenue report is warranted before issuing debt, and would be required by the trust rating agencies if any of the bonds were to be backed solely by toll revenues. Revenue ProjectionsThe annual traffic and revenue projections produced for the CRC project are derived from outputs of the Metro regional travel demand model. The Metro model employs inputs for users values of time as a surrogate for the relationship of time and cost reflecting the potential toll on the I-5 bridge crossing. The regional model was further supplemented by the development of a corridor level traffic model (VISSIM) which provided traffic operation capabilities to estimate the effect of future congestion in the corridor.This became the basis for post-processing the model results to refine traffic demand projections. The traffic and revenue projections show both the annualization of the direct Metro model results and the refined post-processed results, the latter of which bracket the mid-range of anticipated traffic and revenue impacts. Ten toll scenarios that vary toll rates and toll locations (I-5 only or both I-5 and I-205 bridges) were developed by the CRC team for analysis, in conjunction with the Oregon and Washington departments of transportation.Toll rates were put on to vary by time of day according to a wintry schedule that applies higher toll rates in peak periods and lower rates during off-peak times when demand is less. Toll rates were originally specified in constant year 2006 dollars in the projects Draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) however the actual tolls paid are fake to increase with expected inflation, projected at 2. 5 percent per year. See Exhibit 1 for information about each scenario. CRC Tolling Study Committee Report Appendix C 2 January 2010It is expected that the toll disposition will be all-electronic, which allows tolls to be collected without toll booths causing drivers to slow down to pay tolls. Thus, drivers would either have a transponder, paying the rates celebrated in Exhibit 1, or the vehicle would be identified via the license plate, in which case a $1. 00 pay-by-plate processing fee would be added to each transaction. For example, a vehicle traveling during the peak period (6 am to 10 am) without a transponder would be charged $2. 00 electropositive the $1. 00 processing fee, or $3. 00 for their trip in one direction.Exhibit 1. Tolling Scenarios Evaluated Min/ gook Toll station (2006$) Tolling I-5 just now Scenario 1D Additional Price Points Scenario 1E 1. 5x DEIS Toll gait Scenario 1F 2x DEIS Toll Rate Scenario 1G 3x DEIS Toll Rate $2. 69 / $5. 38 $3. 00 / $6. 00 Flat Toll Rate $2. 02 / $4. 03 $2. 00 / $4. 00 Scenario 1C $1. 34 / $3. 36 $1. 50 / $3. 00 Lower than DEIS Toll Rate $2. 22 $1. 00 / $2. 50 Scenario 1B $1. 34 / $2. 02 $1. 65 DEIS Toll Rate $1. 34 / $2. 69 $1. 00 / $1. 50 Scenario 1A Min/Max Toll Rate (2018$) $1. 00 / $2. 00 Scenarios Analyzed Tolling I-5 and I205 DEIS Toll Rate 1. 34 / $2. 69 Scenario 2A DEIS Toll Rate $2. 00 / $4. 00 $2. 69 / $5. 38 Scenario 2B Lower than DEIS Toll Rate $2. 00 / $3. 00 $2. 69 / $4. 03 Scenario 2C Lower I-205 Toll I-5 $2. 00 / $4. 00 I-205 $2. 00 / $3. 00 I-5 $2. 69 / $5. 38 I-205 $2. 69 / $4. 03 1 2 Toll Schedule part stellate Variable Toll Schedule cruciform Fixed Toll Schedule July 1, 2018 (FY 2019) Each bearing Symmetric Variable Toll Schedule 1 Pre-Completion Tolling Tolling S tart Date $4. 03 / $8. 07 $1. 00 / $2. 00 Tolls Collected Each Way Symmetric Variable Toll July 1, 2013 Schedule (FY 2014)Southbound Symmetric Variable Toll July 1, 2018 2 Schedule (FY 2019) exactly Pre-Completion Tolling to be added to any other scenario A round-trip toll is collected on scenarios tolling Southbound only The rates for commercial vehicles are faux to be proportionately greater than rider cars, roughly as a function of the number of axles for a commercial vehicle. For the purposes of this analysis, it is assumed that commercial vehicles will pay on an N minus one basis based upon axles, that is, a five-axle truck would pay four times the passenger car rate (five minus one times the passenger rate).Model volumes were provided for medium (three-axle) and large (five-axle) trucks. The exact commercial toll schedule will be a function of the future development of the electronic toll collection system. Toll schedules assumed for each scenario are shown on the attached spreadsheets, Toll Rate Schedules for I-5 Scenarios and Toll Rate Schedules for I-5 and I-205 Scenarios. CRC Tolling Study Committee Report Appendix C 3 January 2010 Determination of Net Revenues To arrive at the portion of revenues available to support finance via the compensatement of debt, several eductions must be made from gross toll revenues and fees. Key among these deductions is the obligation to pay for toll collection and facility operation and upkeep (O) costs for the bridge and roadway. The deductions from gross revenues include the following Potential toll revenue lost due to uncollectable accounts Credit card and banking fees associated with toll payment and accounts Toll collection trading operations and maintenance costs, including maintenance, periodic replacement of equipment, back office costs and bridge insuranceRoutine operations and maintenance of the bridge and roadway facilities Facility O costs include routine maintenance of the bridge and all roadw ays within the project area as well as incident response for the project area. After gross revenues have paid all of the above deductions, including toll collection and facility O costs, the remaining net revenue is available for debt repayment. The net revenue stream represents the cash flow that can be used directly for financial backing to repay bonds, or to directly pay for construction if pre-completion tolling is implemented.In addition to bond repayment, there will be a periodic need for renovation and rehabilitation activities for the project. These costs are assumed to be funded out of glut net revenues after annual debt repayments that result from the debt service coverage requirement placed on net revenues. A reserve account may be created that would be funded from these excess net toll revenues. Financial Capacity Analysis Tolling the I-5 bridge does not have the financial capacity to yield a funding contribution equal to the $2. 38 billion cost in year of expenditure dollars for the highway portion of the project.Rather, a number of funding sources will likely be needed to build the project, including federal and state (Oregon and Washington) funding sources combined with funding from tolls. For the purposes of this analysis, the bridge is assumed to be substantially completed by the end of fiscal year 2018, with revenue operations kickoff on July 1, 2018 (state fiscal year 2019). Toll bond proceeds are assumed to be trustworthy in the middle and latter years of construction to maximize their funding contribution, and other funding CRC Tolling Study Committee Report Appendix C 4 January 2010 ources are assumed to cover construction costs in the initial years. Other project improvements to the highway and interchanges would continue into 2019, and the last bonds needed to fund these completion activities are assumed to be issued after tolling has commenced. The CRC toll bonds were assumed to be backed by other revenue sources, and the full fait h and credit of one or both states to provide the bonds with a credit rating and interest costs equivalent to that of general obligation debt of either state. The use of toll bonds will increase the total costs paid during and after construction due to the added interest and issuance osts. However, these financing costs are treated separately from the project capital cost during construction. Increased use of toll bonds will increase the total costs paid due to added interest and issuance. The construction cost does not increase as a result rather it adds a financing cost both during and after construction. State-backed bonds are limited by Washington State Constitution to a 30 year repayment period. Accordingly, debt with the maturity of up to 30 years was assumed to maximize the total proceeds that can be generated by the forecasted net toll revenue stream.A nominal debt service coverage factor of 1. 25 was assumed for state-backed debt whereby net toll revenues were maintained a t 1. 25 times the projected annual debt service. The intent of this is to provide some protection against draws on the revenue sources promise to backup toll revenues, such as motor vehicle fuel tax revenues, in the fount of lower-than-projected toll revenue performance. Interest rates on state-backed bonds are assumed to be 6. 00 percent for current interest bonds (CIBs) and 6. 50 percent for capital appreciation bonds (CABs), based on the current double-A credit ratings in both states.Issuance costs are assumed to be 0. 2 percent of the total par amount of bonds issues for state-backed bonds. Additional costs would include 0. 5 percent of the par amount for current interest bonds for underwriting (underwriters discount) and 1. 0 percent of the par amount for capital appreciation bonds. Interest is assumed to be capitalized through the year before the project comple