Images of globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Images of globalization - Essay Example Another example in which consumer goods have been boycotted due to cultural beliefs is McDonald’s. In Malaysia, many Muslim consumers have been calling for Malaysian citizens to boycott the restaurant due to a recent promotion intended to celebrate the Chinese New Year. One of the toys included in the promotional package was a pig, designed to offer support for the twelve different animals of the Chinese zodiac. However, in Muslim society, the pig is considered to be an abhorrence and consumption of pig meat is strictly forbidden. Muslims believed that McDonald’s was being insensitive to the customs and religious beliefs of devoted followers of the Muslim faith, even though the restaurant was not actually attempting to create any conflict with this religious group. Muslims were so outraged that McDonald’s illustrated a pig in a positive light that Muslim boycotters actually started a social media campaign in an effort to gain international support for shunning al l products being offered by the organization. This is yet another example of the images of

Best practices in early childhood education (website search)See Essay

Best practices in early childhood education (website search)See instructions - Essay Example Research has determined that the preschool curriculum models can be beneficial if they facilitate development for teachers and aides, involve parents, keep to small class size, and maintain program continuity. (http://www.nwrel.org/scpd/sirs/3/topsyn3.html ) However, the teachers need to ensure that they children to have a quality experience in class. Instead of mundane tasks to keep them occupied, the teacher can plan creative activities with materials facilitating intellectual development. Besides, activities can also be designed to promote native language and culture and focus on developing better language, social and cognitive capabilities. (http://nieer.org/resources/policybriefs/11.pdf). It is important to secure the participation of families in early childhood education. Teachers must work in collaboration with the parents in order to ensure better progress of their students. Care must be taken to plan activities revolving around the child’s environment and routines which can promote interaction, communication and learning by defining roles for dramatic play by encouraging engagement and group friendship activities. Thus activities must be planned with the aim of creating opportunities for learning. (http://www.dec-sped.org/recommendedpractices.html). The teacher must keep in mind that each child is different and hence strive to provide personalised attention. This is crucial since the teacher may not be aware that she is working with children with special needs or even disabilities and may be about to discover their specific requirements. This is yet another reason why a teacher must not be rigid about implementing of group norms. Developmentally appropriate programmes will provide the right opportunities for children to broaden and deepen their behavioural knowledge. Such programmes provide a wide range of experiences and also help in

Sociological Study Of Womens Perception Towards Dowry Essay

Sociological Study Of Womens Perception Towards Dowry Essay Dowry has been an integral aspect of traditional arranged Hindu marriage. Over hundreds of years the dowry term has evolved from the ceremonial and voluntary gift giving to the brides family in a form of monetary extortion demanded by the grooms family. Tradition dowry means denoted gifts of kanyatana such as precious itens like expensive cloths give to both the bide and grooms family during the time of marriage The practice was derived from the high cultural and spiritual merit accorded to gift givers and gift giving in the Vedas and other Hindu literature. Dowry was originally used as a means to both sanctify material wealth and enhance social status in marriage. In modern sense dowry has reflect a change in the system such that the presentation of gifts no longer remains a voluntary process. In Indo pak brides families are often compelled to provide dowry in the name of gift giving and evaluated in terms of total cash value.Grooms family have a high socioeconomic status so they de mand the dowry. The modern practice of dowry is characterized by a shift from voluntary to forced gift giving as well as the primary role of the grooms family in determining the demand for gifts from the brides family. It is understood that the term dowry is a broad reference to the totality of assets transferred from the brides family to the grooms at the time of a marriage. The transfers of dowry is characterize by three steps: which is First the property transfer to the bride, Second, there are those gifts that continue to be part of the ceremonial aspect of the marriage and symbolize union between the two families. These would be matched by reciprocal gifts of equal value from the grooms family. Thirdly there are those assets that can be called marriage payments An economically it is this final aspect that constitutes the actual significant economic cost of dowry for a brides family, and is perhaps the most costly among the three aspects of the dowry The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is riddled by contrasts in almost every sector. It is characterized by a selective male friendly interpretation of the prominent religion Islam and elitist friendly application of laws. Being a part of the patriarchal belt of South Asia, the culture, family and society is patriarchal. Although recent entry of elected women representatives in the parliament and local bodies are being used as an instrument to make believe that women are empowered in Pakistan, the fact is that empowerment ( social, economic, political and legal) for most of the Pakistani women and disadvantaged communities in Pakistan is yet a distant dream. However, a number of efforts are underway to promote participation of women in all areas of development. There is also a growing attention by the current government to gender issues including violence that experienced political marginalization in previous democratic as well as military regimes. The visible outcome of such efforts which to date are limited to candid media, generous discourse and ceremonial gestures has yet to come. The country, today, like most other countries round the globe is facing the phenomenon of gender based violence. In the recent years, whenever and wherever, one speaks of gender violence and Pakistan or Pakistani communities outside Pakistan; one cannot recall any other form of violence but Honor Killing or the plight of Mukhtaran Mai. Media, especially western media have created hype on these. The net result of these associations is the convenient forgetfulness, by the Governments, Media, NGOs and other stake holders of the commonest form of gender violenc e in Pakistani; that is Dowry violence. Dowry violence is a culturally accepted; media generated and legally sanctioned form of violence, yet to be recognized as the most pertinent Pakistani gender issue by development activists in Pakistan. Pakistani Muslims have embraced the dowry system as a tradition and cultural practice due to the Indianization of Islam in the subcontinent. While working with Christian Youth in the slums of Islamabad that there was exposed to the fact that the curse of dowry has plagued this community and class as well and interestingly they owe this influence to their Muslim friends and neighbours.Despite 59 years of independence there is no sign and signal of discarding this system which over the years has graduated from a custom to an institution. Dowry is no longer a set of gift items meant for contributing towards a convenient start of the practical life of a newly married couple. Lavish and loud marriages, designers items studded bride, bridegroom and ot her family members, many course meals etc. all stand for the dowry system .In a country where a vast majority of population lives below poverty line and is devoid of basic human needs like water, sanitation, electricity. Health and education the growing trend of such Exhibiting Marriages is adding to the miseries of the not so privileged and creation of the lesser God. Dowry System causes a number of psychological and emotional traumas and ethical challenges by causing delayed marriages, marriage with inept person/elderly person, threats, taunts and torture of greedy in-laws and husband, and financial crises. In some parts of Pakistan, girls are wed with Quran so that family wealth and property can be safeguarded. It is almost imperative for Pakistani women as sisters to give up their inheritance rights in favor of their brothers. Dowry and expenses on marriage are frequently used explanations for the denial of right of inheritance to women. There are certain tribes and clans in the province of NWFP and Baluchistan where boys have to pay for the bride. If they cannot pay the right Bridal Price they cannot get married. This practice itself qualifies as a separate research entity. On the other hand the Bride who is sold is treated as a property and is entitled to be sold further. An interesting and innovative response to the question of limiting marriage expenses that has come from some welfare oriented Pakistani NGOs and welfare wings of certain Religious groups and public departments in the recent years is the phenomenon of Mass Weddings. There is no doubts in the good faith of the planners and implementers of such weddings It cannot endorse this kind of way out. This solution besides carrying transparency issues (for instance how the eligible couples are selected, what is the actual expense etc.) and compromises on the individual self esteem are in fact endorsing the custom and institution of dowry (Rakhshinda, 2006) Keeping in mind these points the present study will be conducted to investigate the following objectives. To check the role of dowry in the success or failure of marital adjustment. To study the perception of women towards the dowry practices. To give possible suggestions for the solution of this problem. V. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: Bloch and Rao (2001) Estimated how domestic violence may be used as an instrument to extract larger transfers from a spouses family. It is based on a case-study of three villages in Southern India, that combines qualitative and survey data. Based on the ethnographic evidence, they develop a non-cooperative bargaining and signaling model of dowries and domestic violence. The estimation from these models were tested with survey data. This study showed that women who payed smaller dowries suffer an increased risk of marital violence, as do women who come from richer families. Maristella and Aloysius(2002) Showed that when married daughters leave their parents home and their married brothers do not, altruistic parents provide dowries for daughters and gifts for sons in order to meet a free riding problem between their married sons and daughters. The study has estimation on the form of the dowry contract, the exclusion of daughters from bequests, and the decline of dowries in previously dowry giving societies. These estimation are consistent with historical evidence from ancient Near Eastern civilizations, ancient Greece, Roman and Byzantine empires, western Europe from 500 to 1500 AD, the Jews from antiquity to the Middle Ages, Arab Islam from 650 AD to modern times, China, Japan, medieval and Renaissance Tuscany, early-modern England, modern Brazil, North America, and contemporary India Terilt (2002) argued that marriages in traditional societies often include a transfer between the involved parties. In some societies, a transfer is made from the groom to the family of bride (a brideprice), while in others it goes from the bride to the groom (dowry). Researcher investigated whether differences in the type of marriages that are allowed can account for these observations The model has several other interesting implications that are in line with what is san in the data. Pologyny leads to a larger difference in age between husbands and wives, a younger marriage age for women, and higher fertility. Siwan (2003) concluded that in contrast to most dowry-oriented societies in which payments have declined with modernization, those in India have undergone significant inflation over the last five decades. He explained the difference between these two experiences by focusing on the role played by caste. The theoretical model contrasts caste- and non-caste-based societies: in the former, there exists an inherited component to status (caste) that is independent of wealth, and in the latter, wealth is the primary determinant of caste. Modernization is assumed to involve two components: increasing average wealth and increasing wealth dispersion within caste groups. He further showed that, in caste based societies, the increases in wealth dispersion that accompany modernization necessarily lead to increases in dowry payments, whereas in non-caste-based societies, increased dispersion has no real effect on dowry payments and increasing average wealth causes the payments to decline. Luciana et al (2004) estimated that in recent years, dowry levels have risen to previously unforeseen levels. Among Hindus in north India dowry can amount to three or four times a familys total assets. Among Muslims in Bangladesh and Hindus in south India, dowry has become commonplace whereas the practice did not exist a generation ago. The institution of dowry has been widely criticized, socially maligned, and legally banned. Some recent economic writings suggest that dowry functions as a bequest or pre-mortem inheritance, implying it persists because it is good for the bride. Using panel data from an adolescent study in rural Bangladesh, he explored the association between dowry and the prevalence of domestic abuse to test the bequest theory of dowry. They found that, contrary to the prediction of the bequest theory, married females who paid dowry at marriage have a higher likelihood of reporting domestic violence compared to those who did not. In addition, the relation between dow ry and abuse is highly level-specific: respondents who paid small dowries report much higher levels of abuse than those who paid large dowries. In fact, paying no dowry is just as protective, if not more so, in terms of preventing abuse as the largest dowry payments. Anderson (2004) concluded that laws restricting dowries have existed in most societies where these transfers have occurred. Central to the policy debates is the actual role of the dowry payment. It is typically believed that intervention is required when dowries serve as a price for marriage (groom price), but not when dowries are means of endowing daughters with some financial security (pre-mortem inheritance). He developed a simple matching model of marriage which integrates the two different roles for dowry. It is demonstrated that when modernization occurs, dowry payments can evolve from a pre-mortem inheritance into a groom price. The model generated implications which empirically distinguish the two different motives. The predictions are tested using recent data from Pakistan, where dowry legislation is currently an active policy issue. This investigation concludes that, in urban areas the payment is serving as a groom price, instead of the traditional pre-mortem inheritance to women. However, his study showed that this is not such a large concern in rural areas. Geirbo and Imam (2006) concluded that much of what is written about dowry focuses on the harmful aspects. He argued that in order to target dowry as a social problem, we need to know more about why people continue the practice. It gives an overview of the transactions connected to wedding and divorce before it explores the motivations people have for giving and taking dowry. In the end, it is discussed how this rationality meets the rationality of the government and NGOs in the local interpretation and use of legislation and in the use of microcredit. Security is found to be the main motivation for giving dowry. A paid dowry gives a hope that the daughter will be treated well in her in-laws house. Because dowry is connected to Mohr, it also gives a security in case of divorce. However, a paid dowry does not give women entitlements towards her in-laws, only a hope that they will treat her well. Also, womens entitlement to Mohr depends on payment of dowry as well as her performance as a wife. Men, on the other hand, are perceived as having unquestioned entitlement to dowry. This imbalance is seen as being connected to a perception of women as being vulnerable to physical and social risk as well as representing a threat to their family and community. In conclusion it is recommended that instead of targeting dowry directly, advocacy efforts would gain from targeting the causes behind the motivations for giving and taking dowry. Reducing the risk factors that make married status and dowry crucial for women is a way to combat the practice. One way to do this is by implementing livelihood programmers for adolescent girls. Apart from this, the prevailing gender ideology has to be challenged systematically among both girls and boys from an early age. The monograph is based on qualitative research in Domar under Nilphamari district in Bangladesh. Babur (2007) concluded that dowry system is another form of social and traditional practice whose consequences result direct violence of women. There is hardly any family in Pakistan un which this dowry system is not followed. Not a signal day passes without dowry death and torture women. News papers are full of stories torture of women who bring in sufficient dowry. Unable to bear the torched, some brides are forced to commit suicide and some are burnt alive under the cover of stove deaths, which is also called bride burning in which women are burn alive after being covered with kerosene oil. Afzal (2007) estimated an equation explaining the determinates of dowry they address a very common socio economic problem for subcontinent, the problem of dowry from a social planers respective, whom wants to reduce overall dowry transfer, they consider the effect of change in a few relevant parameters like husband height, wife height wet land dry land, year of marriage and years of education, for woman and men on these decision. According to the various studies the dowry phenomenon is exist heavily in rural subcontinent, at the same time research related to the system is very rare. The aim of his study to estimate an equation explaining the determinant of dowry. Several interpretation of dowry is distinguished using a simple theoretical frame work and the prediction of this model are tested. Using the data provide them for this project is tested and reliable so that they will be able to draw their won testable relationships and determinant of dowry. His study suggested even though t here are religious and cultural differences, the system of dowry in Pakistan appears to be for the same reason as in India. A theoretical frame work was developed that was inclusive of the required variable by testing through the multiple regression analyses and the experimental findings shows the independent variable use to test have an impact on dowry by applying multiple regression step wise method. Arunachalamy and Loganz (2008) concluded that dowries have been modeled as pre-mortem bequests to daughters or as groom-prices paid to in-laws. These two classes of models yield mutually exclusive predictions, but empirical tests of these predictions have been mixed. We draw from historical evidence that suggests a bifurcated marriage market, in which some households use dowries as a bequest and others use dowries as a price. The competing theories of dowry allow us to structure an exogenous switching regression that places households in the price or bequest regime. The empirical strategy allows for multiple checks on the validity of regime assignment. Using retrospective marriage data from rural Bangladesh, we evidence of het- erogeneity in dowry motives; that bequest dowries have declined in prevalence and amount over time; and that bequest households are better o_ compared to price households on a variety of welfare measures. Attila et al (2008) suggested that existing theoretical and empirical research on dowries has difficulty accounting for the large changes in dowry levels observed in many countries over the past few decades. To explain trends in dowry levels in Bangladesh, they draw attention to an institutional feature of marriage contracts previously ignored in the literature: the mehr or traditional Islamic bride price, which functions as a prenuptial agreement in Bangladesh due to the default practice of being only payable upon divorce. We develop a model of marriage contracts in which mehr serves as a barrier to husbands exiting marriage and a component of dowry is an amount that extant compensates the groom for the cost of mehr. The contracts are welfare-improving because they induce husbands to internalize the social costs of divorce for women. We investigate how mehr and dowry respond to exogenous changes in the costs of polygamy and divorce, and show that our model gives a different set of p redictions than traditional models of dowry payments without contractible mehr. To test the models predictions empirically, we use data collected on marriage contracts between 1956 and 2004 from a large household survey from the Northwest region of the country, and make use of key changes in Muslim Family Law in 1961 and 1974. They showed that major changes in dowry levels took place precisely after the legal changes, corresponding to simultaneous changes in levels of mehr. Sarwat and Imtiaz (2009) concluded that the focus of this study is to estimate an equation explaining the determinants of dowry. In this paper, they address a very common socio-economic problem for sub-continent, the problem of dowry. From a social planners perspective, who wants to reduce overall dowry transfers, they consider the effect of change in a few relevant parameters like husband height, wife height, wet land, dry land, years of marriage and years of education for women men on these decisions. According to the various studies the dowry phenomenon is exist heavily in rural sub-continent, at the same time research related to this system is very rare. The aim of this study is to estimate an equation explaining the determinants of dowry. Several interpretations for dowry are distinguished using a simple theoretical framework and the predictions of this model are tested. Using the data provided us for this project is tested and reliable so that we will be able to draw our own t estable relationships and determinants of dowry. The data will be use in the following sections for further analysis by estimating the determinants of dowry using multiple regression analysis. The study suggests that even though there are religious and cultural differences, the system of dowry in Pakistan appears to be for the same reasons as in India. A theoretical framework was developed that was inclusive of all the required variables by testing through the multiple regression analysis and the experimental findings shows the independent variable used to test have an impact on dowry by applying multiple regression step-wise method. Laura et al (2009) concluded that significant amounts of wealth have been exchanged as part of marriage settlements throughout history. Although various models have been proposed for interpreting these practices, their development over time has not been investigated systematically. In this study they use a Bayesian MCMC phylogenetic comparative approach to reconstruct the evolution of two forms of wealth transfers at marriage, dowry and bride wealth, for 51 Indo-European cultural groups. Results indicate that dowry is more likely to have been the ancestral practice, and that a minimum of four changes to bride wealth is necessary to explain the observed distribution of the two states across the cultural groups. Review of literature explained that a large number of women faced many dowry problems including that psychological, social and economical factors common in our society. This is more serious issue in our Pakistan. I am going to explore a sociological study women perception towards dowry in urban areas of Tehsil D.G.Khan. VII MATERIAL AND METHODS: The main objective of methodology is to explain various tools and techniques apply for a data collection, data analysis and interpretation of data related to research problem. According to Nachmias and Nachmias (1992) the scientific methodology is a system of explicit rules and procedures upon which research is based and against which the claims for knowledge are evaluate. The aim of present study will be to explore the causes of dowry such as social, economical, political , legal and their impact of dowry at marriage in our society. The universe of study will be Tehsil D.G.Khan (District Dera Ghazi Khan). A sample of one hundred and fifty females will be selected from five urban councils through simple random sampling technique. Respondents will be interviewed by using a well structured questionnaire. Ten respondents will be pre-tested to check and examine the workability of questionnaire. Data will be analyzed through appropriate statistical technique by using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS), Univariate and bivariate analysis will be carried out and obtained information will be present in form of M.Sc thesis. VII. LITERATURE CITED: Attila. A, Erica. F, Maximo. T.2008. Muslim family law, prenuptial agreements and the emergence of dowry in Bangladesh,Harvard University. Arunachalamy.R, Loganz. T.2008.On the Heterogeneity of Dowry Motives. Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, and National Bureau of Economic Research. Anderson.S.2004. Should dowries be banned? Department of Economics, University of British Columbia. Bloch .F, Rao.V.2001. Terror as a Bargaining Instrument: A Case-Study of Dowry Violence in Rural India.1-25 Geirbo. H, Imam. N.2006. The Motivations Behind Giving and Taking Dowry. BRAC,Research and evaluation division Dhaka. Bangladesh. Page 1-36 Luciana. S, Sajada. A, Lopita. H, Kobita. C.2004. Does Dowry Improve Life for Brides? A Test of the Bequest Theory of Dowry in Rural Bangladesh. Population council No.195. Laura.F, Clare. H, Ruth .M.2009. From bridewealth to dowry? A bayesian estimation of ancestral states of marriage transfers in indoeuropean groups. Department of anthropology, university college london.1-34 Maristella. B, Aloysius. S. 2002. Why Dowries? Department of Economics, University of Toronto. Contributed papers 0200,Economic society.Page 1-47 Maristella. B, Aloysius .S.2002. Marriage Markets and Intergenerational Transfers in Comparative Perspective (Why Dowries?) Nachmias, C.F. and D. Nachmias. 1992. Research methods in the social sciences. Published by Edwards Arnold. A division of Hodder and Stoughton.London Rakhshinda, P.2006. Dowry: The most frequently forgotten form of gender violence in Pakistan. Gender based Violence. Sarwat ,A, Imtiaz, S; 2009. To estimate an equation explaining the determinants of dowry. Pakistan development review, vol.xii,No.1,48-61. Siwan. A.2003. Why Dowry Payments Declined with Modernization in Europe but Are Rising in India. [Journal of Political Economy, 2003, vol. 111, no. 2]. The University of Chicago. Tonushree, J. 2001. The Economics of Dowry: Causes and Effects of an Indian Tradition, copyright 2001 UAUJE. Htt://www.eco.ilstu/UAUJE.Research monograph series No.28. Nachmias, C.F. and D. Nachmias. 1992. Research methods in the social sciences. Published by Edwards Arnold. A division of Hodder and Stoughton.London

The Simularitesof Two Worlds :: essays research papers

Stewart 1 The Similarities of Two Worlds   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do we have such poetry in our age, as John Donne and the Seventeenth-Century Metaphysical Poets? Yes, but we tend to limit ourselves to the very best works of a very few figures. When poetry is much more than what chosen artists portray. It is a challenge to look squarely and see beyond the obvious features of things. Sometimes real poetry is hidden beneath a rock, such as the work of Earl Simmons also known as D.M.X. Earl Simmons has an emotional climax of a trip through the subconscious of young people. By opening himself up in his works, D.M.X. believes he can save the souls of those he cares about through God. In an anglican manner, Earl Simmons and John Donne works are similar by merit, love, and religion. Both artists have used poetry to explore their own identities, expressing their feelings, and most of all, they have used it to deal with the personal experiences occurring in their life. The world has changed a lot since the seventeenth-century but many ideals have stayed the same as we can see through Donne and Simmons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In efforts to save man, Donne tries to uncover the foes of man that may lead to down fall. He explicitly states that the foe of man should fear is the devil. The second foe that Donne refers to is the love of flesh or Stewart 2 temporal pleasures. This can be recognized in a verse paragraph from Satire III. Donne writes, Know thy foes: the foul Devil, he, whom thou Strivest to please, for, hate, not, love, would allow Thee fain, his whole realm to be quit; and as The world’s all parts wither away and pass, So the world’s self, thy other loved foe, is In her decrepit wane, and thou loving this, Dost love a withered and worn strumpet; last, Flesh (itself’s death) and joys which flesh can taste, Thou lovest; and thy fair goodly soul, which doth Give this flesh power to taste joy, thou dost loathe. Seek true religion. From this section of Satire III we can see temporal and metaphysical foes are Represented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As Donne, Earl Simmons’ work has quality and virtue. Simmons attempts to warn people of the trickery of the devil in his work entitled Damien. In Damien the devil uses the speakers love of the flesh and worldy

Costs and budgets

The management of costs is a very important aspect of managing financial resources. If costs are not managed effectively, it can lead to profits being damaged and the business potentially unable today its expense. Keeping within a budget, increasing income in order to cope with change and making sure that working capital is available and money and set aside for emergencies is all part of the balancing exercise. Costs managed to budget McDonald’s budget was adverse as there was a miscalculation and McDonalds managed to overspend. This is because the management team at McDonalds under budgeted on certain aspects like staffing, security and utility bills. Costs managed to budget there are two main types of costs: Fixed cost – these are costs that do not change regardless of the number of goods that sold or services that are offered. These costs include rent, insurance, salaries. Whatever McDonalds makes whether its 100 or 10,000 products, these cost must be paid. Variable cost – these are costs that change depending on McDonalds output. So if McDonalds makes a burger it will have varying requirements for amounts of bread, meat, fish, cheese and lettuce head will depend on how many burgers the make. Break –even point Businesses can use the calculations that they make of fixed costs, variable costs and sales to work out the point at which their costs equal their sales. This is known as a break-even, this is essential for McDonalds as this will work out how many products they need to produce and sell which will conclude them to know whether they are making a profit or a loss. To work out the break even you have to do a formula: BEP= Fixed Cost / Sales – Variable Costs per unit. This means that to work out break-even pint (BEP) you have to take fixed cost and divide it with the Unit contribution and take-away the variable cost per every unit. When McDonalds calculates their break-even point this would give them an understanding on how many products they need to sell before they can start to make a profit. There are two main costs that need to be managed to budget which are fixed costs and variable cost. Fixed costs are costs that do not change regardless of the number of merchandise that is sold or services that are offered. These costs are things such as rent, insurance and salaries. Regardless if the business is not making enough profit these costs have to be paid. Variable costs are the costs that change according to the output. These costs can change according to how many products are made for example MacDonald’s costs will depend on their product which is for example burgers. They will have varying requirements for the about of meat, burger buns, and so on how many burgers it makes. Budgeting is a very difficult process because it looks to give a guide to how much the business thinks it will spend in the future. Some businesses choose to use zero budgeting where the departments in a business are given no budget. But they have t ask the managers of their department for money based on what they think they will use in that year. The opposite of it is allocated budgeting this is when money is allocated for a budget and divided up into the amount of departments and the amount of people working there. The budget is normally set at the start of the financial year and the business must stick to its predictions. If the business is making more profit than they predicted that the outcome of that will be positive. Variance analysis is when a business measures the difference between what is budgeted and the actual costs or the sales revenue. If the result is better than expected than the budget is known as favourable but if the sales are lower than expected than the budget is known as adverse. A business should monitor the variances because is the business notices them early enough it can make changes to them and get back on track. Businesses can use the calculations that they make out of fixed costs, variable costs and sales to work out the point at which their costs equal their sales. This is known as break even, it shows how many products they need to produce and sell or the services they need to offer, the Business needs to get to the point where they are not making a profit or making a loss.

Effective Working Knowledge of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (Hipaa) Essay

In case of a late entry (addendum) in one, shadow chart or independent database, that is used to add information to a previous entry must have the title addendum, date, time, the reasons of creating the addendum referring back to the original entry (Legal Medical Records Standards). Information technology staff can help decrease incidents of security breaches by implementing screen protectors in all computers, by providing logging accreditation to all personnel, by using network security software and hardware, by monitoring the safety of the network and by educating, reporting and enforcing any HIPAA violation. In case of disclosure of unauthorized protected medical information such as providing a copy of medical records to a friend of a patient without written authorization from the patient may result in fines and imprisonment to the institution and individuals involved in such HIPAA violation. HIPAA defines as criminal the use or disclosure (by individuals or institutions) of confidential medical information of a patient for any other purposes than treatment, payment, or health care operations. Such violations carry fines and/or imprisonment (Privacy, Security, and Confidentiality). According to the Montana Code 41-1-402 the healthcare provider can obtain a legal consent for prevention, diagnosis or treatment from a minor (without adult supervision) if the minor is graduated from high school, have a child, lives alone and supports him (her) self, is pregnant, infected with a infectious disease, is under the influence of alcohol or drugs. In the case of pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases or substance abuse the healthcare provider is obligated to provide counseling to the minor or refer the minor for counseling. Finally, in case of emergency the health provider can provide emergency care without consent and must inform the parents or legal guardians as soon as possible. One situation from Montana Code 50-16-603x which may result in a legal claim against the organization can be if the health care provider fails to report any communicable disease (such as tuberculosis) to the proper authorities; resulting in a potential health risk to the population and penalties to the organization and health care provider which committed such HIPAA violation. In the case of a minor unable to consent or make decisions (due to a mental condition or conscious state) and the absence of parents or legal guardians, two medical doctor must make all medical decisions on his behalf including cardio pulmonary resuscitation and termination of life support. Montana codes are in agreement with HIPAA laws in the following clauses regarding release of personal health information (PHI). According to HIPAA’s Privacy Rule the individual has the right to inspect and request a copy of his PHI upon a writing authorization. Under HIPAA law the healthcare provider can share PHI information with public health authorities for public health purposes such as prevention, statistics, research and education. Under HIPAA law the health care provider may share PHI to business associates for treatment, payment and healthcare operations (HIPAA Privacy Rule and Public Health). 2. (c) A health care provider may deny access to health care information by a patient mentally impaired by disease, medications, drugs or alcohol used at the moment of the request References Legal Medical Records Standards, Annotated 2008. Retrieved from www. ucop. edu/ucophome/coordrev/†¦ /legal-medical-record-policy. p†¦ Montana Code, Annotated 2009. Retrieved from http://data. opi. mt. gov/bills/MCA_toc/index. htm Privacy, Security, and Confidentiality. Retrieved from http://www. ahima. org/resources/psc. aspx HIPAA Privacy Rule and Public Health â€Å"Guidance from CDC and the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services â€Å"Annotated 2003. Retrieved from http://www. cdc. gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/m2e411a1. htm

Finding a Good Translator

Finding a Good Translator The general expectation of a good translator is an individual proficient in his/her language pairs, who can deliver a quality translation which accurately conveys the intended message to the reader. Finding that person, however, can be like finding a needle in a haystack. Here is my advice on how to find that needle.Seeking a translation agencyMany translators, particularly early in their careers, provide services through a translation agency. Usually, these translators dont actually work for the agency, which is more of a middleman between the translator and the client. Translation agencies provide advantages such as a system of quality control, facilitating business between translators and clients. Professionals may also be tested for their translation skills and ability to deliver work on time, adding an element of safety and reliability when looking for a translator.Another perk of translation agencies is that translator profiles may include reviews and ratings from their clients . While the criteria vary by client, a substantial amount of feedback is a fair reflection of the translators competence. In fact, a string of positive reviews speaks louder than any credentials.Its certainly possible to find a good translator working independently, but its more difficult. If you find such a translator, you should take it upon yourself to verify if the translator is certified, if other clients are satisfied with the translators services, etc. This research can take valuable time, which is why agencies tend to do the heavy lifting. Not to mention, agencies may provide additional services such as supporting tools, notarized translation certifications and editing.Translators do not translate wordsSeasoned translators will tell you that just knowing a second language isnt enough to be a translator. In fact, I would say translation is more of an exercise of textual interpretation, not unlike studying literature: the translator must analyze the words, grasp the meaning be hind those words, and keep that meaning in a different set of words. More than switching one language for another, translation is a process of semantic deconstruction and reconstruction. Therefore, we are talking about a whole skillset involving an analytical mind, research skills, intuition and cultural knowledge.A good translator also knows the importance of adapting the source text to the target audience. This process is known as localization. Even countries that speak the same language tend to differ in linguistic nuances, figures of speech, slangs, phrases, etc. A popular saying in a country may not convey the same meaning in a different language. The verses of a poem may not rhyme in a direct translation. Lyrics are a daunting endeavor, due to the complication of matching the target language to the beat of the song.Therefore, in addition to being culturally savvy, a good translator needs to be familiar with different writing styles in order to work on a variety of translation assignments, such as CVs, essays, prose, research texts, powers of attorney, letters, speeches, etc.In my case, my native language is Portuguese (BR), but English is such a constant part of my everyday life that I feel comfortable translating from English to Portuguese and vice-versa. This is what you should look for in a translator.Computers do not replace humansSince the Industrial Revolution, technology continues to take over jobs in the march of progress. Translation is not one of them, to my own relief (at least, at the time of writing). Although automatic translators have slowly improved over the years, due mostly to human input, human writing by nature has a level of subjectivity that a machine just isnt capable of processing. An automatic translator also doesnt ensure proper grammar structure, especially in complex sentences and idiomatic phrases. Even grammar/spellchecking tools are infamous for failing their job on occasion.Therefore, professionals never rely on automatic translators for their work, and you shouldnt ask them to either. Only a human mind can read between the lines to provide accurate translations.Can you translate this?Its impossible for any human being to know everything, let alone in multiple languages! A translator who claims to be specialized in all subjects is a flat-out liar. Translators should have the humility and maturity to recognize their strengths and limitations, and they should be upfront about it with their clients.Therefore, when looking for a translator, check if the translator has at least a working knowledge of the subject. Someone who translates scientific files may not be cut out for a legal document. A translator who does both might be unable to deal with artistic writing, and so on. If the translators profile/resume doesnt list his/her specialties, ask the translator. Request samples, show the source text (or part of it) to the translator, if possible. Good translators never accept jobs beyond their abilities.A good translator must understand your needs, and you must explain your needs to the translator. Is the translation just for you or for someone else? Is it an application letter for college? Do you need a translation for your website? Are you publishing a book? Give clear and detailed instructions; a good translator will keep your instructions in mind and make sure the translation suits your purposes.Honesty is the best policyUnlike most services, translation clients are at a natural disadvantage because its difficult to check the quality when you dont understand the target language. The best solution in this case is to consult a native speaker of the target language, especially if you want to publish the translated text.An ideal translation should look like it was written by a native. A translation riddled with errors and/or awkward wording wont go unnoticed by a native speaker, even if the person never saw the source text. Poor translations also lead to misinterpretations, and, in t he worst-case scenario, this can damage not just the translators reputation, but also the clients image. Therefore, a good translator always treats assignments with responsibility and professionalism, double-checking their work before delivering it.Once the terms of a project are mutually agreed on- such as price and deadline- a professional will deliver it on time. A good translator may deliver the translation early, if possible- but never a rushed product. Translation projects demand varying levels of research (even if the subject is among the translators specializations), so the translator will make sure to deliver the best possible work.However, despite our best efforts, translators are still human and translation is a constant learning experience. Therefore, how the translator responds to negative ratings and reviews is extremely important. If youre unhappy with a translation, make it known. A good translator should listen to your concerns and attempt to rectify the issue at no additional cost to you. Otherwise, your feedback will serve as a warning for future clients.Good translators dont sell themselves shortThere is a bitter pill to swallow, but Id be remiss if I didnt bring it up. Being a translator myself, I know this part might sound biased, but think of it as insight into the translators point of view.Obviously, I cant speak for every translator out there. Each translator is different. And since translators usually decide their own prices, the costs of their work can vary greatly. Most of the time, however, the price is indicative of the translators ability and experience. A translator may charge by the hour or by the word. Factors such as taxes, deadlines, and extra services such as a translation certification can also affect the price.Generally speaking, you can expect a professional who translates for a living to charge as much as $0.10 USD per word on average. Once again, this can vary; some may charge more, some may charge less. A translator m ight even be flexible depending on what you need translated. For example, something simple such as a personal letter might be charged a lower rate than a full study on the applications of acetylsalicylic acid. The deadline is also influential; quick deliveries will certainly cost more.However, dont forget that were talking about a highly specialized line of work. You can expect any translators worth their salt to have years of experience and/or study under their belts. And as explained earlier, this expertise goes far beyond simply learning another language (which is a challenge in and of itself). Therefore, offering $0.03/word to a translator charging $0.07/word is almost an insult. Most of the time, these fees are not decided lightly and the costs are justified. Nobody likes spending a lot of money, but translators must make ends meet like any other professionals.Lets talkSomething I learned in my life is that communication is the basis of a successful relationship, whether its pr ofessional or personal.If youre interested in a translators services but still have doubts, it never hurts to contact the translator directly. Ask all the questions you want, request samples, try to learn everything you need to know about the professional. A little talk can go a long way.A good translator should respond in a reasonable time period. You can generally expect a reply within 24 hours, through the agencys messaging system, the translators personal e-mail or any other contact methods the translator might make available. And this goes both ways: a good translator should contact the client in the event of unresolved problems or situations that may prevent the completion of a translation project. Translators will also inform clients of their availability and other pertinent details. The point is that good translators are accessible and upfront toward their clients.If youre lucky enough to be a native speaker of the translators second language, this is also your opportunity t o measure the translators fluency by yourself. If the translator seems to communicate about as well as a native, thats a good sign.